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. 2016 Apr 26;4:16009. doi: 10.1038/boneres.2016.9

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Copyright © 2016 Sichuan University

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in the credit line; if the material is not included under the Creative Commons license, users will need to obtain permission from the license holder to reproduce the material. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

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Crosstalk between BMP, TGF-β and other signaling in the growth plate. In the epiphyseal growth plate, differentiating chondrocytes are organized into four layers, including resting zone (RZ), proliferation zone (PZ), hypertrophic zone (HZ), and calcified zone (CZ). The calcified zone was gradually replaced by the trabecular bone (TB). Positive regulating cytokines (→) and negative regulating cytokines (--|) of each zone are listed on the left adjacent to them. BMP, bone morphogenetic protein; FGF, fibroblast growth factor; IHH, Indian hedgehog; PTHrP, parathyroid hormone-related peptide; SHH, Sonic hedgehog; TGF-β, transforming growth factor-β.