TABLE 3—

Application of the 5-Level Social–Ecological Framework to Drunk Driving and Campus Sexual Assault

Social–Ecological Framework Levels	Drunk Driving	Campus Sexual Assault
Individual	K–12 education about alcohol’s effects on behavior Ignition locks	Education to increase awareness of sexual assault and of situations in which it might occur Services to aid victims
Relationship	Public-service announcements that offer strategies to prevent a friend from driving drunk, including designated-driver programs Public-service announcements and educational materials that encourage parents to discuss drunk driving with children	Awareness of how to respond when a friend discloses an assault Training on how to defuse a risky situation or deter a sexual assault Materials to help parents educate children on how to avoid or handle risky situations Public service announcements that use social media (e.g., TV, radio, Twitter, Facebook) to inform bystanders about ways to prevent campus sexual assault
Community	High-school programs (SADD) Community programs (MADD) Server-training programs Sobriety checkpoints	Partnerships between campus communities and crisis centers to provide appropriate care to victims Development, dissemination, and enforcement of campus sexual misconduct policies Sensitivity training for law-enforcement officers Prevention training for all constituents: administration, faculty, staff, and students Development and distribution of guides for media outlets on suitable terminology for victims and perpetrators Alcohol policies that limit the availability of alcohol (e.g., alcohol-free dorms, higher alcohol pricing in campus communities)
Institutional	Statutory consequences for individuals (arrest, loss of license) and states (loss of federal funding)	Federal enforcement of Title IX amendments and the Violence Against Women Act
Societal	Decreased tolerance of drunk driving; widespread adoption of methods to discourage drunk driving, including designated drivers	Use of social media to challenge prevailing views of victims and perpetrators Vigorous responses to messages that reinforce rape myths

Note. MADD = Mothers Against Drunk Driving; SADD = Students Against Drunk Driving.