TABLE 2—
Change in Body Mass Index Associated With Change in Neighborhood Walkability Estimated Through Random-Coefficient Models: National Population Health Survey, Canada, 1994–2006
| Variables | Unweighted Coefficient Estimates (95% CI) |
| Body mass index, change kg/m2 | |
| Time | 0.13 (0.11, 0.14) |
| Age centered around baseline mean age | 0.06 (0.04, 0.09) |
| Baseline WSQ (Ref: baseline WSQ1) | |
| Baseline WSQ2 | 0.31 (−0.24, 0.89) |
| Baseline WSQ3 | 0.23 (−0.36, 0.87) |
| Baseline WSQ4 | −0.40 (−0.95, 0.22) |
| Change in WSQ (Ref: same WSQ) | |
| Moved 1 WSQ higher | 0.10 (−0.41, 0.51) |
| Moved 2 or 3 WSQs higher | –1.02 (−1.16, −0.17) |
| Moved 1 WSQ lower | 0.19 (−2.07, −0.13) |
| Moved 2 or 3 WSQs lower | 0.45 (0.01, 0.89) |
| Utilitarian walking (Ref: none) | |
| Low | 0.04 (−0.07, 0.15) |
| Moderate | −0.08 (−0.18, 0.02) |
| High | –0.11 (−0.21, 0.00) |
| Leisure-time physical activity (Ref: inactive) | |
| Moderately active | −0.11 (−0.01, 0.84) |
| Active | –0.17 (−0.02, −1.79) |
| Smoking status (Ref: never smoker) | |
| Former smoker | 0.15 (−0.20, −0.01) |
| Current smoker | –0.42 (−0.29, −0.05) |
| Marital status (Ref: married) | |
| Single | –0.45 (−0.05, −0.34) |
| Divorced | –0.21 (−0.70, −0.17) |
| Education level (Ref: completed postsecondary education) | |
| Did not complete postsecondary education | −0.04 (−0.67, −0.22) |
| Recent immigrant (Ref: nonimmigrants) | –1.11 (−1.60, −0.63) |
| Constant | 26.39 (25.95, 26.84) |
| Random-effects parameters | |
| Standard deviation (AGEC+) | 0.15 (0.14, 0.18) |
| Standard deviation (constant) | 3.61 (3.37, 3.86) |
| Correlation (AGEC, constant) | 0.15 (0.01, 0.28) |
| Standard deviation (residual) | 1.38 (1.30, 1.47) |
| Intraclass correlation | 0.87 |
Note. AGEC = age centered around the population mean; CI = confidence interval; WSQ = Walk Score quartile.