Table 2.

Manually extracted imaging features from radiogenomic studies

Study	Modality	Cancer	Significance definition	Manually extracted feature
Jamshidi et al28	CT	CCRCC	Association with gene clusters	Pattern of tumour necrosis, tumour transition zone, tumour–parenchyma interaction, tumour–parenchyma interface
Kuo et al18	CT	HCC	Association with mRNA and gene clusters	Internal arteries, texture heterogeneity, wash-in, washout, necrosis, tumour margin score
Segal et al20	CT	HCC	Association with mRNA	Necrosis, internal septa, texture heterogeneity (arterial and venous phase), tumour margin score (minimum and maximum), enhancement pattern, internal arteries (density and necrosis edge), hypodense halo, washout, internal arteries (density), tumour–liver difference, corrected imaging area, necrosis density, capsule, wash-in, infiltration, tumour–liver difference, attenuation/heterogeneity score
Carlson et al24	CT	HGG	Association with mRNA	Oedema
Gevaert et al15	CT	NSCLC	Association with mRNA	Internal air bronchogram, complex shape, vascular convergence, lobulated margin, oval shape, irregular margin, pleural retraction, solid density, entering airway, right upper lobe apical location
Aerts et al9	CT	NSCLC	Association with mRNA	None
Jain et al32	CT	GBM	Association with mRNA	None
Osborne et al36	PET	Breast cancer	Association with molecular subtypes	None
Palaskas et al37	PET	Breast cancer	Association with Myc-overexpression	None
Nair et al19	PET	NSCLC	Association with mRNA and gene clusters	None
Yamamoto et al21	MRI	Breast cancer	Association with gene clusters	Enhancement pattern, size, shape, margin, location, T2 tumour signal interface between tissue and tumour, satellite lesions, multifocal disease, lymph node involvement, un-coordinated growth, stromal alterations
Yamamoto et al22	MRI	Breast cancer	Association with IncRNA	None
Zhu et al38	MRI	Breast cancer	Association with gene clusters	None
Halle et al40	MRI	Cervical cancer	Association with gene clusters	None
Gevaert et al16	MRI	GBM	Association with molecular subtypes	VASARI (deep white matter location, enhancement, enhancing margin characteristics, diffusion characteristics)
Colen et al29	MRI	GBM	Association with mRNA	VASARI (enhancing tumour across midline/corpus callosum, deep white matter tract involvement, ependymal involvement)
Nicolasjilwan et al34	MRI	GBM	Association with mRNA and CNV	VASARI (proportion of tumour contrast enhancement)
Jamshidi et al17	MRI	GBM	Association with gene clusters	Contrast enhancement, necrosis, contrast-to-necrosis ratio, infiltrative vs oedematous T2abnormality, mass effect, subventricular zone involvement
Barajas et al24	MRI	GBM	Association with mRNA and gene clusters	Lesion location, presence of contrast enhancement, central necrosis, degree of T2 oedema, mass effect
Diehn et al25	MRI	GBM	Association with gene clusters	Contrast enhancement, necrosis, mass effect, pattern of T2oedema (infiltrative/oedematous), cortical involvement, SVZ involvement, C : N ratio, contrast/T2 ratio, degree of T2 oedema, T2 heterogeneity
Pope et al26	MRI	GBM	Association with mRNA	Enhancement extent
Zinn et al23	MRI	GBM	Association with mRNA and micro-RNA	None
Zinn et al27	MRI	GBM	Association with mRNA and micro-RNA	None
Colen et al31	MRI	GBM	Association with mRNA and micro-RNA	None
Naeini et al33	MRI	GBM	Association with molecular subtypes	None
Pope et al35	MRI	GBM	Association with mRNA	None
Miura et al39	MRI	HCC	Association with mRNA	Intensity on hepatobiliary phase

CCRCC, clear-cell renal cell carcinoma; C:N ratio, contrast:necrosis ratio; CNV, copy number variation; GBM, glioblastoma multiforme; HCC, hepatocellular carcinoma; HGG, high-grade glioma; mRNA, messenger RNA; NSCLC, non-small-cell lung cancer; PET, positron emission tomography; SVZ, subventricular zone; VASARI, Visually Accessible Rembrandt Images.

Bold type means significant relationship of imaging feature with genomic data.

Article by Colen et al³¹ published in BioMed Central Medical Genomics; article by Colen et al²⁹ published in Radiology.