Figure 3. Transverse field controlled single-particle translocation.

(a–c) Overplots of equi-I_p resistive pulses collected from the data obtained under V_b = 0.2 V and V_AC = 1.0 V with different transverse AC voltage frequency and I_ion windows: No transverse field with a 0.9 nA–1.1 nA window (a); ω = 2 MHz with a 1.2 nA–1.3 nA window; and ω = 5 MHz with a 0.5 nA–0.7 nA window. The number in the parentheses denote the number of signals plotted superimposed. Insets are the images illustrating translocation passages involved in the data. (d,e) The relative occurrence of the three distinct translocation modes, i.e. particle transits through the pore center (orange), off-axis positions (green), and those accompanying temporal traps at the embedded electrodes (purple). (f) Schematic explanations of the transverse field-dependent dielectrophoretic forces pointing toward the electrodes (red) and the pore center (green) at voltage frequencies lower and higher than the threshold ω_th, respectively.