Table 1.

Ewing’s battery of tests to assess cardiac autonomic neuropathy

Test	Result	Normal (borderline)
Heart rate variation to valsalva (baseline to valsalva)	1.13 (ratio)	≥1.21 (1.11–1.20)
Heart rate variation on deep breathing (expiration to inspiration)	7 bpm	≥15 (11–14)
Blood pressure response to sustained grip (before to after)	8 mm Hg	≥16 (11–15)
Heart rate response from supine to standing position (R-R interval change in response to change in position from supine to standing)	0.72 (ratio)	≥1.04 (1.01–1.03)
Blood pressure response to standing up from supine position (supine to standing)	24 mm Hg	≤10 (11–29)