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. 2016 Aug 16;16:98. doi: 10.1186/s12874-016-0198-z

Table 6.

Determinants of inaccurate reporting a of at least one contact with a health care provider or hospital admission during a reference period. Results of binomial logistic regression (Belgian Health Interview Sample for which linkage was possible - population aged 15 years and over)

n GP < 12 m Specialist <12 m Dentist < 12 m Dentist < 6 m Physio < 12 m Inpatient < 12 m Day patient < 12 m
OR (95 % CI) OR (95 % CI) OR (95 % CI) OR (95 % CI) OR (95 % CI) OR (95 % CI) OR (95 % CI)
Gender
Male 4,044 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
Female 4,825 0.75* (0.62–0.90) 1.20* (1.03–1.40) 1.02 (0.87–1.18) 1.19* (1.00–1.41) 1.14 (0.92–1.41) 0.85 (0.62–1.15) 0.93 (0.75–1.15)
Age
15–24 yrs 1,092 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
25–34 yrs 1,187 1.17 (0.84–1.63) 0.88 (0.66–1.17) 0.67* (0.50–0.88) 0.84 (0.60–1.19) 1.20 (0.76–1.91) 2.68* (1.41–5.10) 0.77 (0.50–1.19)
35–44 yrs 1,340 1.04 (0.77–1.39) 1.01 (0.78–1.30) 0.67* (0.51–0.88) 0.88 (0.63–1.22) 1.05 (0.69–1.61) 1.28 (0.69–2.37) 0.85 (0.57–1.27)
45–54 yrs 1,278 0.87 (0.63–1.19) 0.92 (0.70–1.19) 0.80 (0.61–1.05) 0.84 (0.60–1.17) 0.84 (0.54–1.32) 1.88* (1.01–3.53) 0.76 (0.51–1.14)
55–64 yrs 1,256 0.66* (0.45–0.95) 0.92 (0.68–1.23) 0.59* (0.43–0.82) 0.64* (0.44–0.94) 0.89 (0.57–1.41) 1.62 (0.84–3.13) 0.53* (0.34–0.83)
65–74 yrs 829 0.46* (0.28–0.74) 0.72 (0.51–1.02) 0.59* (0.41–0.86) 0.52* (0.33–0.82) 1.00 (0.60–1.66) 1.97 (0.94–4.13) 0.85 (0.53–1.35)
75 yrs 1,887 0.43* (0.27–0.68) 1.28 (0.93–1.77) 0.52* (0.36–0.75) 0.34* (0.22–0.53) 1.00 (0.62–1.61) 1.94 (0.97–3.88) 0.57* (0.37–0.89)
Household type
Single 2,451 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
One parent with child (ren) 732 1.16 (0.80–1.69) 1.24 (0.89–1.72) 1.06 (0.75–1.48) 1.04 (0.72–1.50) 1.40 (0.91–2.14) 1.86* (1.06–3.23) 1.15 (0.74–1.78)
Couple with child (ren) 2,130 1.02 (0.75–1.39) 1.11 (0.90–1.37) 1.05 (0.82–1.34) 0.84 (0.63–1.13) 1.11 (0.83–1.48) 0.94 (0.64–1.38) 1.07 (0.80–1.45)
Couple without child (ren) 2,698 1.18 (0.90–1.54) 1.21 (0.96–1.51) 0.98 (0.77–1.25) 1.01 (0.77–1.33) 1.31 (0.96–1.79) 1.49 (0.98–2.29) 1.02 (0.74–1.40)
Other or unknown 858 1.66* (1.18–2.35) 1.11 (0.83–1.48) 1.10 (0.78–1.54) 0.88 (0.61–1.27) 0.78 (0.51–1.20) 0.93 (0.54–1.60) 1.05 (0.70–1.59)
Region
Flanders 3,259 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
Brussels 2,464 1.74* (1.37–2.21) 1.16 (0.96–1.40) 1.45* (1.18–1.79) 1.17 (0.94–1.45) 0.84 (0.66–1.08) 0.95 (0.61–1.49) 1.24 (0.97–1.59)
Wallonia 3,146 1.41* (1.14–1.75) 1.15 (0.98–1.36) 1.51* (1.26–1.81) 1.07 (0.87–1.31) 1.01 (0.81–1.26) 1.05 (0.78–1.41) 1.15 (0.92–1.43)
Educational level
No or primary 1,362 1.01 (0.69–1.48) 1.19 (0.92–1.55) 1.02 (0.76–1.37) 0.81 (0.56–1.16) 1.05 (0.73–1.49) 1.56 (0.97–2.51) 1.21 (0.85–1.72)
Lower secondary 1,459 1.23 (0.90–1.68) 1.07 (0.81–1.41) 1.00 (0.77–1.32) 1.03 (0.75–1.40) 0.94 (0.67–1.33) 1.28 (0.80–2.06) 0.87 (0.61–1.22)
Higher secondary 2,667 1.11 (0.88–1.43) 1.14 (0.94–1.39) 1.02 (0.83–1.26) 0.91 (0.72–1.16) 0.96 (0.74–1.26) 1.25 (0.87–1.79) 1.01 (0.77–1.32)
Higher 3,111 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
Equivalent income
Quintile 1 1,594 1.33 (0.94–1.88) 1.09 (0.82–1.45) 0.87 (0.64–1.18) 0.81 (0.60–1.14) 1.09 (0.72–1.65) 1.26 (0.73–2.17) 0.70 (0.48–1.01)
Quintile 2 1,532 0.88 (0.64–1.20) 1.10 (0.84–1.45) 0.95 (0.72–1.26) 0.92 (0.66–1.29) 0.87 (0.62–1.22) 1.47 (0.88–2.47) 0.72* (0.52–1.00)
Quintile 3 1,409 0.89 (0.65–1.21) 1.20 (0.94–1.54) 0.92 (0.70–1.20) 1.12 (0.82–1.52) 1.00 (0.72–1.39) 1.01 (0.62–1.65) 0.80 (0.56–1.15)
Quintile 4 1,363 0.95 (0.71–1.26) 1.11 (0.87–1.42) 0.91 (0.69–1.20) 0.89 (0.68–1.19) 1.11 (0.81–1.53) 1.40 (0.87–2.25) 0.85 (0.60–1.21)
Quintile 5 1,493 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
Type of insurance coverage
General scheme 8,023 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
Scheme for independents 822 1.73* (1.27–2.36) 1.13 (0.86–1.49) 1.51* (1.12–2.02) 1.53* (1.11–2.11) 1.25 (0.87–1.80) 0.52* (0.30–0.92) 1.31 (0.83–2.06)
Eligible for preferential reimbursement
No 7,095 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
Yes 1,750 0.77 (0.55–1.08) 0.95 (0.75–1.21) 0.88 (0.67–1.14) 1.27 (0.94–1.72) 0.92 (0.67–1.26) 1.10 (0.75–1.59) 0.92 (0.68–1.24)
Country of birth
Belgium 7,388 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
other European country 778 1.01 (0.72–1.42) 0.91 (0.67–1.22) 1.13 (0.84–1.53) 1.04 (0.74–1.46) 1.19 (0.97–1.81) 1.04 (0.65–1.66) 0.90 (0.62–1.32)
outside Europe 698 1.41 (0.98–2.02) 1.00 (0.74–1.37) 1.31 (0.97–1.78) 1.14 (0.80–1.61) 1.12 (0.77–1.63) 1.71 (0.79–3.69) 1.10 (0.73–1.68)
Chronic disease, illness or handicap
No 3,255 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
Yes 5,583 2.00* (1.58–2.54) 1.60* (1.33–1.93) 1.21* (1.01–1.45) 1.20 (0.95–1.51) 0.74* (0.59–0.93) 0.88 (0.63–1.22) 0.62* (0.48–0.79)
Proxy interview
No 7,768 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
Yes 1,095 1.55* (1.14–2.15) 1.25 (0.95–1.65) 1.48* (1.13–1.94) 1.40* (1.03–1.89) 1.16 (0.82–1.63) 0.64 (0.37–1.11) 0.95 (0.64–1.40)
Health care expenses in year after survey (log) 8,869 0.89* (0.85–0.93) 0.96* (0.92–1.00) 0.97 (0.93–1.01) 1.05 (1.00–1.10) 1.32* (1.23–1.42) 1.40* (1.23–1.59) 1.46* (1.34–1.59)

< 12 m : in the 12 months prior to the date of the interview

< 6 m : in the 6 months prior to the date of the interview

* significant difference (p < 0.05)

a either overreporting (self–reported contact, but no register-based contact) or underreporting (no self-reported contact, but register-based contact)