Table 5.
Inter-operative observations and histological findings
| Bunker [39] Arthroscopy +/− open release N = 35 |
Uhthoff and Boileau [41] Arthroscopy N = 4 |
Xu et al. [37] Arthroscopy N = 8 |
||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rotator interval | Appearance | Nodular thickening | No signs of inflammation | ---- |
| Histology | ↑ Fibroplasia ↑ Cellularity ↑ Vascularity |
↑ Fibroplasia | ---- | |
| Coraco-humeral ligament |
Appearance | ---- | No signs of inflammation | ---- |
| Histology | ---- | ↑ Fibroplasia ↑ Vascularity |
---- | |
| Inferior glenohumeral ligament | Appearance | ---- | No signs of inflammation | ---- |
| Histology | ---- | ---- | ---- | |
| Joint capsule | Appearance | Fibrous contracture in RI area |
Posterosuperior :
No signs of inflammation Inferior: No signs of inflammation |
Above subscapularis tendon:
Thickened |
| Histology | ↑ Vascularity | ↑ Fibroplasia ↑ Vascularity |
↑ Fibroplasia ↑ Vascularity Neoangiogenesis |
|
| Synovium | Appearance |
Between subscapularis bursa and RI:
4/35 Scarred. |
RI:
Villous CHL: No villi Posterosuperior: Very villous Inferior: No villi AF: Very villous |
---- |
| Histology | 31/35 Abnormal villous fronding. 31/35 ↑ Vascularity |
RI:
↑ Vascularity Posterosuperior: ↑ Vascularity AF: ↑ Vascularity |
---- | |
| Subscapularis bursa | Appearance | “Consistent abnormalities” | ---- | ---- |
| Histology | ---- | ---- | ---- | |
| Axillary fold | Appearance | ---- | No signs of inflammation. | ---- |
| Histology | ---- | ↑ Vascularity | ---- | |
N (sample size), ↑ (increased), ↓ (decreased) CHL (coracohumeral ligament), RI (rotator interval), AF (axillary fold), −---(no findings or observations recorded)