Table 4.

Adjusted risk of gastrointestinal bleeding events in incident dialysis patients

Variable	Comparison	Documented upper GI bleeding		Documented lower GI bleeding		Any GI bleeding
		RR	(95 % CI)	RR	(95 % CI)	RR	(95 % CI)
Age (years)	40–49 vs 0–39	0.85	(0.8–0.91)	1.86	(1.63–2.11)	1.04	(0.99–1.1)
	50–59 vs 0–39	0.75	(0.7–0.79)	2.63	(2.34–2.96)	1.06	(1.01–1.11)
	60–69 vs 0–39	0.73	(0.69–0.77)	3.82	(3.41–4.28)	1.18	(1.13–1.24)
	70–79 vs 0–39	0.72	(0.68–0.76)	4.97	(4.44–5.56)	1.29	(1.23–1.35)
	80+ vs 0–39	0.67	(0.63–0.71)	5.32	(4.74–5.96)	1.32	(1.26–1.38)
Sex	Female vs male	0.96	(0.94–0.98)	1.31	(1.28–1.34)	1.07	(1.05–1.09)
Race	Black vs White	1.14	(1.11–1.17)	1.22	(1.19–1.25)	1.16	(1.14–1.19)
	Other vs White	0.89	(0.84–0.94)	0.82	(0.77–0.87)	0.91	(0.87–0.95)
Etiology of ESRD	Hypertension vs diabetes	0.93	(0.9–0.95)	1.23	(1.19–1.26)	1.03	(1.01–1.05)
	GN vs diabetes	0.79	(0.76–0.84)	1.23	(1.17–1.29)	0.95	(0.91–0.98)
	Other vs diabetes	0.83	(0.8–0.86)	1.17	(1.13–1.22)	1.00	(0.97–1.02)
Initial modality	PD vs HD	0.98	(0.94–1.03)	0.82	(0.78–0.87)	0.93	(0.9–0.96)
Year	1997 vs 1996	1.01	(0.89–1.14)	0.87	(0.76–0.99)	0.96	(0.88–1.05)
	1998 vs 1996	0.98	(0.87–1.1)	0.9	(0.79–1.02)	0.97	(0.89–1.06)
	1999 vs 1996	0.97	(0.86–1.09)	0.94	(0.83–1.06)	1.00	(0.92–1.09)
	2000 vs 1996	0.99	(0.88–1.11)	0.98	(0.87–1.11)	1.04	(0.96–1.13)
	2001 vs 1996	1.08	(0.97–1.22)	1.06	(0.94–1.2)	1.14	(1.05–1.23)
	2002 vs 1996	1.14	(1.01–1.27)	1.11	(0.99–1.25)	1.19	(1.09–1.29)
	2003 vs 1996	1.19	(1.06–1.33)	1.15	(1.02–1.3)	1.24	(1.14–1.34)
	2004 vs 1996	1.4	(1.25–1.57)	1.31	(1.16–1.47)	1.38	(1.27–1.49)
	2005 vs 1996	1.52	(1.35–1.7)	1.44	(1.27–1.62)	1.48	(1.36–1.61)
	2006 vs 1996	1.48	(1.31–1.66)	1.61	(1.42–1.82)	1.62	(1.49–1.76)

ESRD end-stage renal disease, GN glomerulonephritis, HD hemodialysis, PD peritoneal dialysis