Figure - PMC

Skip to main content

An official website of the United States government

Here's how you know

Here's how you know

Official websites use .gov
A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States.

Secure .gov websites use HTTPS
A lock ( ) or https:// means you've safely connected to the .gov website. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites.

View full-text article in PMC

. 2016 Jul 25;213(8):1589–1608. doi: 10.1084/jem.20151467

Search in PMC
Search in PubMed
View in NLM Catalog
Add to search

© 2016 Ma et al.

This article is distributed under the terms of an Attribution–Noncommercial–Share Alike–No Mirror Sites license for the first six months after the publication date (see http://www.rupress.org/terms). After six months it is available under a Creative Commons License (Attribution–Noncommercial–Share Alike 3.0 Unported license, as described at http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/).

PMC Copyright notice

Figure 1. — In vitro induction of features of Tfh cells in human naive CD4⁺ T cells. Naive CD4⁺ T cells were isolated from peripheral blood of healthy donors, and then cultured with T cell activation and expansion (TAE) beads alone (Th0) or under Th1 (+IL-12), Th2 (+IL-4), or Th17 (+TGF-β, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-21, IL-23, and PGE2) conditions for 5 d. After this time, the cells were harvested and analyzed for (A) production of IFN-γ, IL-5/IL-13, IL-17A/IL-17F, and IL-21 by intracellular staining or cytometric bead array (CBA; mean ± SEM; n = 8–17); and (B and C) expression of TBX21/Tbet, GATA3, RORC/Rorγt, or BCL6 by qPCR (B) or flow cytometry (C). The graphs in B correspond to the fold change (mean ± SEM; n = 10–17) in expression of the indicated transcription factor relative to Th0 culture. Histograms depicted in C are representative of three to five independent experiments. (D) Coexpression of IL-21 and IFN-γ by Th0- or Th1-stimulated human naive CD4⁺ T cells was determined by intracellular staining and flow cytometry. The graphs depicts the mean ± SEM of cytokine-expressing cells derived from nine different experiments. *, P < 0.05; **, P < 0.01; ***, P < 0.001; ****, P < 0.0001, compared with Th0 (ANOVA).