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. 2016 Jul 25;213(8):1375–1385. doi: 10.1084/jem.20160493

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© 2016 Stanley et al.

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Figure 2. — Connections between T2D and AD: cause or consequence? Big picture questions that need to be addressed to determine if insulin-related changes represent a cause or consequence of AD. In regards to the evidence that T2D increases the risk of AD, answering the questions in the top arrow will determine how and why T2D is a risk factor and the potentially causal role of insulin/IS. In regards to the idea that AD progression may lead to a diabetic phenotype, answering the questions in the bottom arrow will determine if and how AD pathology may affect insulin homeostasis and the potential consequences of these changes on cognition.