Table 1.
Overview of included studies, the studied cytokines and the outcome parameters (acute respiratory distress syndrome, sepsis, muli-organ dysfunction syndrome, multi-organ failure, mortality)
| No. | Ref. | Year | Design | No pts. (control) | Cytokines | ARDS (%) | Sepsis (%) | MODS (%) | MOF (%) | Mortality (%) |
| 1 | Billeter et al[35] | 2009 | P-coh | 1032 | IL-6 | 10% | ||||
| 2 | Bogner et al[36] | 2009 | P-coh | 58 | IL-6, -8, -10 | 74% | 19% | |||
| 3 | Cook et al[58] | 2013 | P-cc | 83 (18) | G-CSF | 7% | 7% | |||
| 4 | Cuschieri et al[34] | 2010 | P-coh | 152 | IL-6 | 37% | 5% | |||
| 5 | Donnelly et al[37] | 1994 | P-coh | 15 | IL-6, -8, -1β; TNF-α | 49% | 33% | |||
| 6 | Dresing et al[26] | 2004 | P-coh | 30 | IL-6; TNF-α | 13% | 19% | |||
| 7 | Egger et al[38] | 2004 | P-coh | 26 | IL-6, -8 | 35% | ||||
| 8 | Flores et al[39] | 2001 | P-coh | 43 | IL-6 | 49% | 16% | |||
| 9 | Frangen et al[59] | 2008 | P-cc | 71 (25) | IL-17, -6 | 22% | ||||
| 10 | Frank et al[11] | 2002 | P-cc | 77 (15) | IL-6, -8 | 9% | ||||
| 11 | Frink et al[3] | 2009 | P-coh | 143 | IL-1β, -6, -8, -10; TNF-α | 29% | 17% | 15% | ||
| 12 | Gebhard et al[40] | 2000 | P-coh | 94 | IL-6 | 19% | ||||
| 13 | Giamarellos-Bourboulis et al[55] | 2008 | P-cc | 69 (10) | IL-6, -8; TNF-α, IFN-γ | 62% | 35% | |||
| 14 | Gouel-Chéron et al[53] | 2012 | P-cc | 100 (18) | IL-6, -10 | 37% | 5% | |||
| 15 | Haasper et al[28] | 2010 | P-coh | 94 | IL-6 | 16% | 22% | 13% | ||
| 16 | Hayakawa et al[31] | 2011 | P-coh | 45 | TNF-α | 53% | 25% | |||
| 17 | Heizmann et al[52] | 2008 | R-cc | 195 (10) | IL-2, -4, -10, -11, -12, -18; IFN-γ | 19% | ||||
| 18 | Jastrow et al[32] | 2009 | P-coh | 48 | IL-6, -8, -10, -1β, -2, -4, -12; TNF-α | 23% | 17% | |||
| 19 | Keel et al[41] | 2009 | P-coh | 83 | IL-6 | 40% | 12% | |||
| 20 | Lausevic et al[33] | 2008 | P-coh | 65 | IL-6, -10 | 62% | 55% | 51% | ||
| 21 | Lausevic et al[29] | 2010 | P-coh | 65 | IL-6, -10 | 63% | 51% | |||
| 22 | Law et al[42] | 1994 | P-coh | 13 | IL-6, -8; TNF-α | 46% | 23% | |||
| 23 | Lendemans et al[13] | 2004 | P-coh | 16 | IL-6, -10; TNF-α | 56% | ||||
| 24 | Liener et al[43] | 2002 | P-coh | 94 | IL-8 | 0% | 0% | 0% | 19% | |
| 25 | Livingston et al[44] | 1988 | P-coh | 20 | IFN-γ | 30% | 15% | |||
| 26 | Maier et al[27] | 2007 | P-coh | 251 | IL-6, -8, -10 | 34% | 12% | |||
| 27 | Meade et al[45] | 1994 | P-coh | 25 | IL-6, -8; TNF-α | 36% | ||||
| 28 | Menges et al[50] | 1999 | P-coh | 68 | IL-10, -1; TNF-α | 25% | 25% | 1% | ||
| 29 | Mommsen et al[30] | 2009 | P-coh | 55 | IL-18 | 42% | 13% | 13% | ||
| 30 | Neidhardt et al[54] | 1997 | P-cc | 417 (137) | IL-10 | 5% | 11% | 22% | 22% | |
| 31 | Oberholzer et al[46] | 2000 | P-coh | 1276 | IL-6, IL-10 | 14% | 40% | 7% | ||
| 32 | Partrick et al[56] | 1996 | P-cc | 27 (6) | IL-6, -8 | 33% | 7% | |||
| 33 | Paunel-Görgülü et al[47] | 2011 | P-coh | 47 (17) | IL-6 | 38% | 11% | |||
| 34 | Raymondos et al[48] | 2012 | P-coh | 24 | IL-6, -8, -1β, TNF-α | 29% | 4% | |||
| 35 | Roetman et al[60] | 2008 | P-cc | 229 (110) | IL-18, -4; IFN-γ | 16% | ||||
| 36 | Schinkel et al[61] | 2005 | P-cc | 216 (110) | IL-11 | 4% | 16% | |||
| 37 | Sherry et al[14] | 1996 | R-cc | 66 (10) | IL-10 | 8% | 39% | 2% | ||
| 38 | Sousa et al[51] | 2015 | P-coh | 99 | IL-6, -10; TNF-α | 19% | 34% | 28% | ||
| 38 | Spielmann et al[57] | 2001 | P-cc | 47 (15) | TNF-α | 11% | 30% | 51% | 23% | |
| 39 | Svoboda et al[62] | 1994 | P-cc | 42 (12) | IL-1β, -2, -6; TNF-α | 33% | 26% | |||
| 40 | Wick et al[49] | 2000 | P-coh | 37 | IL-12 | 11% | 16% | |||
| 41 | Yagmur et al[63] | 2005 | P-cc | 99 (10) | IL-1, -2, -6, -8; TNF-α | 17% |
P-coh: Prospective cohort study; P-cc: Prospective case-control study; R-cc: Retrospective case-control study; IL: Interleukin; TNF: Tumor necrosis factor; IFN: Interferon; Pts: Patients; Y: Yes; N: No.