Table 2.

Value of cytokine concentrations for predicting acute respiratory distress syndrome

Ref.	Year	Design	No pts.	ARDS n (%)	Predicts ARDS	Results
IL-6
Donnelly et al[37]	1994	P-coh	15	7 (49%)	N	[IL-6] is not significantly different in ARDS
Meade et al[45]	1994	P-coh	25	9 (36%)	N	[IL-6] is higher in patients with ARDS after onset of symptoms; does not predict development of ARDS
Raymondos et al[48]	2012	P-coh	24	7 (29%)	Y	[IL-6] is significantly higher in patients at high risk for ARDS
Sousa et al[51]	2015	P-coh	99	19 (19%)	Y	[IL-6] is significantly higher at 72 h post injury
IL-8
Donnelly et al[37]	1994	P-coh	15	7 (49%)	Y	[IL-8] is significantly higher in patients with ARDS, starting at 16 h post injury
Meade et al[45]	1994	P-coh	25	9 (36%)	N	[IL-8] is higher in patients with ARDS after onset of symptoms; does not predict development of ARDS
Raymondos et al[48]	2012	P-coh	24	7 (29%)	Y	[IL-8] is significantly higher in patients at high risk for ARDS
IL-10
Neidhardt et al[54]	1997	P-cc	417	19 (5%)	N	[IL-10] is not related to the development of ARDS
Sherry et al[14]	1996	R-cc	66	5 (8%)	N	[IL-10] is not related to the development of ARDS
Sousa et al[51]	2015	P-coh	99	19 (19%)	Y	[IL-10] is significantly higher in patients with ARDS upon admission, at 24 + 48 + 72 h post injury
Spielmann et al[57]	2001	P-cc	47	5 (11%)	N	[IL-10] is not related to the development of ARDS
TNF-αα
Donnelly et al[37]	1994	P-coh	15	7 (49%)	N	[TNF-α] below detection limit
Meade et al[45]	1994	P-coh	25	9 (36%)	N	[TNF-α] below detection limit
Sousa et al[51]	2015	P-coh	99	19 (19%)	N	[TNF-α] is not related to the development of ARDS
IL-1β
Donnelly et al[37]	1994	P-coh	15	7 (49%)	N	[IL-1β] below detection limit
Meade et al[45]	1994	P-coh	25	9 (36%)	N	[IL-1β] below detection limit

P-coh: Prospective cohort study; P-cc: Prospective case-control study; R-cc: Retrospective case-control study; IL: Interleukin; TNF: Tumor necrosis factor; Pts: Patients; Y: Yes; N: No.