Table 3.
Value of cytokine concentrations for predicting sepsis
| Ref. | Year | Design | No pts. | Sepsis n (%) | Diagnostic tests | Predicts sepsis | Results |
| IL-6 | |||||||
| Billeter et al[35] | 2009 | P-coh | 1032 | Y | [IL-6] is significantly higher in sepsis between days 3-7 | ||
| Egger et al[38] | 2004 | P-coh | 26 | 9 (35%) | N | [IL-6] is significantly higher in sepsis before clinical manifestations; does not predict sepsis | |
| Flores et al[39] | 2001 | P-coh | 43 | 21 (49%) | N | [IL-6] is not significantly altered in sepsis | |
| Giamarellos-Bourboulis et al[55] | 2008 | P-cc | 69 | 43 (62%) | ROC AUC 0.500 (95%CI: 0.304-0.696, P > 0.05) | N | [IL-6] is not related to the development of sepsis |
| Gouel-Chéron et al[53] | 2012 | P-cc | 100 | 37 (37%) | > 67.1 pg/mL: Sensitivity 85%; specificity 73% | Y | [IL-6] > 67.1 pg/mL is predictive for sepsis on days 1 + 2 (OR = 10.9) |
| Haasper et al[28] | 2010 | P-coh | 94 | 15 (16%) | N | [IL-6] is not significantly different in sepsis | |
| Keel et al[41] | 2009 | P-coh | 83 | 33 (40%) | Y | [IL-6] is significantly higher in sepsis on days 5 + 14 | |
| Lausevic et al[33] | 2010 | P-coh | 65 | 41 (63%) | N | [IL-6] is not predictive for sepsis | |
| Oberholzer et al[46] | 2000 | P-coh | 1276 | 179 (14%) | Y | [IL-6] is significantly higher in septic patients | |
| Paunel-Görgülü et al[47] | 2011 | P-coh | 47 | 18 (38%) | AUC ROC 0.79 (day 5 post injury) | Y | [IL-6] is significantly elevated on days 5 + 9 in sepsis |
| IL-8 | |||||||
| Egger et al[38] | 2004 | P-coh | 26 | 9 (35%) | N | [IL-8] is not significantly altered in sepsis | |
| Giamarellos-Bourboulis et al[55] | 2008 | P-cc | 69 | 43 (62%) | AUC ROC 0.453 (95%CI: 0.254-0.652, P > 0.05) | N | [IL-8] is not predictive for sepsis |
| IL-10 | |||||||
| Gouel-Chéron et al[53] | 2012 | P-cc | 100 | 37 (37%) | N | [IL-10] is not related to the development of sepsis | |
| Lausevic et al[33] | 2010 | P-coh | 65 | 41 (63%) | Y | [IL-10] is significantly lower in sepsis on days 1 + 2 | |
| Menges et al[50] | 1999 | P-coh | 68 | 17 (25%) | Y | [IL-10] is significantly higher in sepsis and MOF after 6 d | |
| Neidhardt et al[54] | 1997 | P-cc | 417 | 45 (11%) | Y | [IL-10] is significantly higher in sepsis on days 1 + 3 + 5 + 7 + 10 + 14 + 21 | |
| Sherry et al[14] | 1996 | R-cc | 66 | 26 (39%) | Y | [IL-10] is significantly higher in sepsis | |
| TNF-αα | |||||||
| Giamarellos-Bourboulis et al[55] | 2008 | P-cc | 69 | 43 (62%) | AUC ROC 0.466 (95%CI: 0.274-0.657, P > 0.05) | N | [TNF-α] is not related to the development of sepsis |
| Menges et al[50] | 1999 | P-coh | 68 | 17 (25%) | Y | [TNF-α] is significantly higher in sepsis and MOF after 8 d | |
| IFN-γ | |||||||
| Giamarellos-Bourboulis et al[55] | 2008 | P-cc | 69 | 43 (62%) | N | [IFN-γ] below detection limit | |
| Livingston et al[44] | 1988 | P-coh | 20 | 6 (30%) | Y | [IFN-γ] is markedly lower in sepsis after 14 d | |
| G-CSF | |||||||
| Cook et al[58] | 2013 | P-cc | 83 | 6 (7%) | Y | [G-CSF] > 500 pg/mL is significantly associated with sepsis | |
| IL-18 | |||||||
| Mommsen et al[30] | 2009 | P-coh | 55 | 23 (42%) | Y | [IL-18] is significantly higher in sepsis on days 3-6 post injury | |
| IL-1 | |||||||
| Menges et al[50] | 1999 | P-coh | 68 | 17 (25%) | Y | [IL-1] is significantly higher in sepsis and MOF on days 3 + 5 + 6 + 9 - 13 | |
P-coh: Prospective cohort study; P-cc: Prospective case-control study; R-cc: Retrospective case-control study; IL: Interleukin; TNF: Tumor necrosis factor; IFN: Interferon; ROC: Receiver operating characteristic; AUC: Area under curve; Pts: Patients; Y: Yes; N: No.