Table 5.
Value of cytokine concentrations for predicting multi-organ failure
| Ref. | Year | Design | No pts. | MOF n (%) | Diagnostic tests | Predicts MOF | Results |
| IL-6 | |||||||
| Bogner et al[36] | 2009 | P-coh | 58 | 43 (74%) | Y | [IL-6] is significantly higher in MOF at 0 - 24 + 72 h | |
| Frank et al[11] | 2002 | P-cc | 77 | r = 0.25 on day 2 | N | [IL-6] is significantly higher in MOF; no reliable predictor due to low r | |
| Jastrow et al[32] | 2009 | P-coh | 48 | 11 (23%) | AUC ROC 0.816; (IL-6) > 0.861 pg/mL: sensitivity 57%, PPV 100% | Y | [IL-6] > 0.861 pg/mL is highly predictive for MOF |
| Lausevic et al[33] | 2008 | P-coh | 65 | 36 (55%) | Y | [IL-6] is significantly higher in MOF on all days of hospitalization | |
| Lendemans et al[13] | 2004 | P-coh | 16 | 9 (56%) | Y | [IL-6] is significantly higher in MOF after two weeks | |
| Law et al[42] | 1994 | P-coh | 13 | 6 (46%) | N | [IL-6] is elevated in MOF, does not predict MOF | |
| Maier et al[27] | 2007 | P-coh | 251 | 85 (34%) | AUC ROC 0.70 for late-onset MOF | Y | [IL-6] is predictive for (late) MOF |
| Partrick et al[56] | 1996 | P-cc | 27 | 9 (33%) | Y | [IL-6] is significantly higher in MOF at 12 + 36 h | |
| Svoboda et al[62] | 1994 | P-cc | 42 | 14 (33%) | N | [IL-6] is higher in MOF at day 1, does not predict MOF | |
| IL-8 | |||||||
| Bogner et al[36] | 2009 | P-coh | 58 | 43 (74%) | Y | [IL-8] is significantly higher in MOF from 0-72 h | |
| Frank et al[11] | 2002 | P-cc | 77 | r = 0.32 on day 2 | N | [IL-8] is significantly higher in MOF; not reliable due to low r | |
| Jastrow et al[32] | 2009 | P-coh | 48 | 11 (23%) | Y | [IL-8] is significantly higher in MOF from 0-24 h | |
| Law et al[42] | 1994 | P-coh | 13 | 6 (46%) | N | [IL-8] is elevated in MOF, does not predict MOF | |
| Maier et al[27] | 2007 | P-coh | 251 | 85 (34%) | AUC ROC 0.69 for late-onset MOF | Y | [IL-8] is predictive for (late) MOF |
| Partrick et al[56] | 1996 | P-cc | 27 | 9 (33%) | Y | [IL-8] is significantly higher in MOF at 12 + 36 + 84 h | |
| IL-10 | |||||||
| Bogner et al[36] | 2009 | P-coh | 58 | 43 (74%) | Y | [IL-10] is significantly higher in MOF in early post-injury phase (< 12 h) | |
| Jastrow et al[32] | 2009 | P-coh | 48 | 11 (23%) | AUC ROC 0.776; (IL-10) > 38.6 pg/mL: Sensitivity 71%, PPV 77% | Y | [IL-10] > 38.6 pg/mL is predictive for MOF |
| Lausevic et al[33] | 2008 | P-coh | 65 | 36 (55%) | Y | [IL-10] is significantly higher in MOF in very early post injury phase | |
| Lendemans et al[13] | 2004 | P-coh | 16 | 9 (56%) | Y | [IL-10] is significantly higher in MOF on days 3 + 4 | |
| Maier et al[27] | 2007 | P-coh | 251 | 85 (34%) | AUC ROC 0.60 for late-onset MOF | N | [IL-10) is not predictive for MOF |
| Menges et al[50] | 1999 | P-coh | 68 | 17 (25%) | Y | [IL-10] is significantly higher in sepsis and MOF after 6 d | |
| TNF-αα | |||||||
| Jastrow et al[32] | 2009 | P-coh | 48 | 11 (23%) | Y | [TNF-α] is significantly higher in MOF from 2 – 6 + 10 – 24 h | |
| Lendemans et al[13] | 2004 | P-coh | 16 | 9 (56%) | Y | [TNF-α] is significantly higher in MOF on days 7 + 8 + 10 + 11 | |
| Menges et al[50] | 1999 | P-coh | 68 | 17 (25%) | Y | [TNF-α] is significantly higher in sepsis and MOF after 8 d | |
| Svoboda et al[62] | 1993 | P-cc | 42 | 14 (33%) | Y | [TNF-α] is higher in MOF, but only after onset of symptoms | |
| IL-1(β) | |||||||
| Menges et al[50] | 1999 | P-coh | 68 | 17 (25%) | Y | [IL-1] is significantly higher in sepsis and MOF on days 3 + 5 + 6 + 9 - 13 | |
| Svoboda et al[62] | 1994 | P-xx | 42 | 14 (33%) | N | [IL-1β] is not related to MOF | |
| IL-2 | |||||||
| Svoboda et al[62] | 1994 | P-cc | 42 | 14 (33%) | N | [IL-2] is not related to MOF | |
| IP-10 | |||||||
| Jastrow et al[32] | 2009 | P-coh | 48 | 11 (23%) | > 889.9 pg/mL has a sensitivity of 71% and PPV of 100% | Y | [IP-10] is highly predictive for MOF (AUC ROC 0.939) |
| Eotaxin | |||||||
| Jastrow et al[32] | 2009 | P-coh | 48 | 11 (23%) | > 193.8 pg/mL has a sensitivity of 71% and PPV of 62% | Y | [Eotaxin] is highly predictive for MOF (AUC ROC 0.810) |
| MIP-1β | |||||||
| Jastrow et al[32] | 2009 | P-coh | 48 | 11 (23%) | > 248.6 pg/mL has a sensitivity of 71% and PPV of 77% | Y | [MIP-1β] is highly predictive for MOF (AUC ROC 0.871) |
| IL-11 | |||||||
| Schinkel et al[61] | 2005 | P-cc | 216 | 9 (4%) | N | [IL-11[ is not significantly different in MOF | |
P-coh: Prospective cohort study; P-cc: Prospective case-control study; R-cc: Retrospective case-control study; IL: Interleukin; TNF: Tumor necrosis factor; IFN: Interferon; ROC: Receiver operating characteristic; AUC: Area under curve; r: Correlation coefficient between cytokine and development of MOF; PPV: Positive predictive value; MOF: Multi-organ failure; Pts: Patients; Y: Yes; N: No.