Table 6.
Value of cytokine concentrations for predicting mortality
| Ref. | Design | No pts. | Mortality n (%) | Follow-up | Diagnostic tests | Predicts mortality | Results |
| IL-6 | |||||||
| Bogner et al[36] | P-coh | 58 | 11 (19%) | 90 d | Y | [IL-6] is significantly higher in non-survivors at 0 + 6 h | |
| Cuschieri et al[34] | P-coh | 152 | 4 (5%) | In-hospital | N | [IL-6] is not significantly higher in non-survivors | |
| Dresing et al[26] | P-coh | 30 | 6 (19%) | 29 d | Y | [IL-6] is significantly higher in non-survivors on days 3 + 5 | |
| Frink et al[3] | P-coh | 143 | 21 (15%) | In-hospital | > 2176.0 pg/mL: Sensitivity 28.6%, specificity 100% on day 1 | Y | [IL-6] is highly predictive for non-survival (AUC ROC 0.858) |
| Frangen et al[59] | P-cc | 71 | 16 (22%) | In-hospital | Y | [IL-6] is significantly higher in non-survivors | |
| Gebhard et al[40] | P-coh | 94 | 18 (19%) | In-hospital | Y | [IL-6] is significantly higher in non-survivors at 4 + 6 + 12 h post injury | |
| Maier et al[27] | P-coh | 251 | 29 (12%) | In-hospital | AUC ROC 0.60 | N | [IL-6] is not predictive for non-survival |
| Sousa et al[51] | P-coh | 99 | 28 (28%) | 72 h | > 276 pg/mL: AUC ROC2 0,775 (95%CI: 0.591-0.960) | Y | [IL-6] > 276 pg/mL is significantly correlated with non-survival |
| Svoboda et al[62] | P-cc | 42 | 11 (26%) | In-hospital | > 400 pg/mL has a sensitivity of 100% | Y | [IL-6] > 400 pg/mL is significantly correlated with non-survival |
| Yagmur et al[63] | P-cc | 99 | 17 (17%) | 60 d | Y | [IL-6] is significantly elevated in non-survivors | |
| IL-8 | |||||||
| Bogner et al[36] | P-coh | 58 | 11 (19%) | 90 d | Y | [IL-8] is significantly higher in non-survivors at 6 + 24 h | |
| Liener et al[43] | P-coh | 94 | 18 (19%) | 15 d | Y | [IL-8] is significantly higher in non-survivors from 30 min-24 h | |
| Maier et al[27] | P-coh | 251 | 29 (12%) | In-hospital | AUC ROC 0.45 | N | [IL-8] is not predictive for non-survival |
| Yagmur et al[63] | P-cc | 99 | 17 (17%) | 60 d | Y | [IL-8] is significantly elevated in non-survivors | |
| IL-10 | |||||||
| Bogner et al[36] | P-coh | 58 | 11 (19%) | 90 d | Y | [IL-10] is significantly higher in non-survivors at 72 h post injury | |
| Gouel-Chéron et al[53] | P-cc | 100 | 5 (5%) | 14 d | Y | [IL-10] is significantly higher in non-survivors when detectable on days 1 + 2 | |
| Heizmann et al[52] | R-cc | 195 | 37 (19%) | 42 d | N | [IL-10] tends towards lower levels in non-survivors; not significant | |
| Maier et al[27] | P-coh | 251 | 29 (12%) | In-hospital | AUC ROC 0.51 | N | [IL-10] is not predictive for non-survival |
| Neidhardt et al[54] | P-cc | 417 | 92 (22%) | 21 d | Y | [IL-10] is significantly increased in non-survivors on days 1 + 3 | |
| Sherry et al[14] | R-cc | 66 | 1 (2%) | 50 d | N | [IL-10] is not related to non-survival | |
| Sousa et al[51] | P-coh | 99 | 28 (28%) | 72 h | > 8.24 pg/mL: AUC ROC 0.871 (95%CI: 0.715-1.000) | Y | [IL-10] > 8.24 pg/mL is associated with non-survival at 48 + 72 h post injury |
| TNF-αα | |||||||
| Dresing et al[26] | P-coh | 30 | 6 (19%) | 29 d | N | [TNF-α] is not significantly elevated in non-survivors | |
| Sousa et al[51] | P-coh | 99 | 28 (28%) | 72 h | N | [TNF-α] is not significantly elevated in non-survivors | |
| Spielmann et al[57] | P-cc | 47 | 11 (23%) | 6 d | N | [TNF-α] is not significantly elevated in non-survivors | |
| Svoboda et al[62] | P-cc | 42 | 11 (26%) | In-hospital | Y | [TNF-α] is significantly elevated in non-survivors | |
| Yagmur et al[63] | P-cc | 99 | 17 (17%) | 60 d | N | [TNF-α] is not significantly elevated in non-survivors | |
| IL-18 | |||||||
| Heizmann et al[52] | R-cc | 195 | 37 (19%) | 42 d | N | [IL-18] tends towards lower levels in non-survivors; not significant | |
| Mommsen et al[30] | P-coh | 55 | 7 (13%) | 14 d | Y | [IL-18] is significantly increased in non-survivors on days 2-7 | |
| Roetman et al[60] | P-cc | 229 | 36 (16%) | 30 d | N | [IL-18] median value is significantly lower in non-survivors | |
| IL-2 | |||||||
| Heizmann et al[52] | R-cc | 195 | 37 (19%) | 42 d | N | [IL-2] tends towards lower levels in non-survivors; not significant | |
| Svoboda et al[62] | P-cc | 42 | 11 (26%) | In-hospital | N | [IL-2] is not related to non-survival | |
| Yagmur et al[63] | P-cc | 99 | 17 (17%) | 60 d | Y | [IL-2] is significantly increased in non-survivors | |
| IL-1 | |||||||
| Svoboda et al[62] | P-cc | 42 | 11 (26%) | In-hospital | N | [IL-1] is not related to non-survival | |
| Yagmur et al[63] | P-cc | 99 | 17 (17%) | 60 d | N | [IL-1] is not related to non-survival | |
| IL-12 | |||||||
| Heizmann et al[52] | R-cc | 195 | 37 (19%) | 42 d | N | [IL-12] tends towards lower levels in non-survivors; not significant | |
| Wick et al[49] | P-coh | 37 | 6 (16%) | In-hospital | Y | [IL-12] is significantly lower in non-survivors | |
| IL-11 | |||||||
| Schinkel et al[61] | P-cc | 216 | 34 (16%) | In-hospital | N | [IL-11] is lower in non-survivors, only reaching significance after week 4 | |
| Heizmann et al[52] | R-cc | 195 | 37 (19%) | 42 d | N | [IL-11] tends towards lower levels in non-survivors; not significant | |
| IL-17 | |||||||
| Frangen et al[59] | P-cc | 71 | 16 (22%) | In-hospital | N | [IL-17] is not related to non-survival | |
| IL-4 | |||||||
| Heizmann et al[52] | R-cc | 195 | 37 (19%) | 42 d | N | [IL-4] tends towards lower levels in non-survivors; not significant | |
| Roetman et al[60] | P-cc | 229 | 36 (16%) | 30 d | N | [IL-4] is not related to mortality | |
| IFN-γ | |||||||
| Heizmann et al[52] | R-cc | 195 | 37 (19%) | 42 d | N | [IFN-γ] tends towards lower levels in non-survivors; not significant | |
| Roetman et al[60] | P-cc | 229 | 36 (16%) | 30 d | N | [IFN-γ] inconsistently detectable | |
P-coh: Prospective cohort study; P-cc: Prospective case-control study; R-cc: Retrospective case-control study; IL: Interleukin; TNF: Tumor necrosis factor; IFN: Interferon; AUC: Area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve; Pts: Patients; Y: Yes; N: No.