Fig. 2.

Schematic overview of hormone signalling in growth and immunity. The cell cycle is central to plant growth and is affected by hormone signalling. Upon biotic stress, stress receptors activate immune signalling and cells operate in a stress mode. Immune signalling rewires hormone signalling in order to substantiate immunity. Under the stress mode, immuno-associated hormone signalling is postulated to suppress growth at the transcriptional and post-translational level. Under growth conditions, AUX, BR, ET, and GA show the highest interconnections, in contrast to ABA, ET, GA, JA, and SA under biotic stress. Dashed lines, predicted link. MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase; CDPK, Ca²⁺-dependent protein kinase; ABA, abscisic acid; AUX, auxin; BR, brassinosteroids; CK, cytokinins; ET, ethylene; GA, gibberellins; JA, jasmonates; SA, salicylic acid; SL, strigolactone.