Table 4.
Distribution of propensity score variables for matched cohorts (exposed versus not exposed to pioglitazone) at cohort entry date
| Pioglitazone cohort (no (%) of patients) | Standardised difference | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Exposed to pioglitazone (n=56 337) | Not exposed to pioglitazone (nearest match cohort; n=56 337) | Not exposed to pioglitazone (multiple match cohort; n=317 109) | Nearest match cohort | Multiple match cohort | ||
| Duration of treated diabetes at cohort entry date (years) | ||||||
| <1 | 7805 (13.85) | 7883 (13.99) | 67 091 (21.16) | 0.40 | 0.91 | |
| 1 to <2 | 6943 (12.32) | 6679 (11.86) | 37 879 (11.95) | 1.44 | 1.40 | |
| 2 to <4 | 11 865 (21.06) | 11 578 (20.55) | 58 668 (18.50) | 1.26 | 1.69 | |
| 4 to <6 | 10 936 (19.41) | 11 411 (20.25) | 60 944 (19.22) | 2.11 | 1.77 | |
| ≥6 | 18 788 (33.35) | 18 786 (33.35) | 92 527 (29.18) | 0.01 | 0.26 | |
| Range | 0.00-34.18 | 0.00-24.79 | 0.00-24.79 | — | — | |
| Mean (standard deviation) | 4.72 (3.65) | 4.78 (3.70) | 4.16 (3.54) | — | — | |
| Median (interquartile range) | 4.12 (1.76-6.97) | 4.19 (1.82-6.97) | 3.59 (1.13-6.27) | — | — | |
| Diabetes complications at cohort entry date | ||||||
| Diabetic retinopathy or maculopathy | 5747 (10.20) | 5953 (10.57) | 22 040 (6.95) | 1.20 | 1.33 | |
| Lower limb severe complications | 1308 (2.32) | 1530 (2.72) | 7521 (2.37) | 2.52 | 2.88 | |
| Diabetic renal complications | 4771 (8.47) | 4870 (8.64) | 17 526 (5.53) | 0.63 | 1.51 | |
| Ketoacidosis | 112 (0.20) | 145 (0.26) | 916 (0.29) | 1.23 | 1.70 | |
| Hyperosmolar or ketoacidotic coma | 822 (1.46) | 1280 (2.27) | 9053 (2.85) | 6.01 | 4.04 | |
| Other comorbidities at cohort entry date | ||||||
| Myocardial infarction or stroke | 4676 (8.30) | 6112 (10.85) | 37 213 (11.74) | 8.67 | 9.59 | |
| Congestive heart failure | 1674 (2.97) | 3077 (5.46) | 22 181 (6.99) | 12.42 | 14.06 | |
| Year at cohort entry date | ||||||
| 2000-03 | 3960 (7.03) | 6485 (11.51) | 42 671 (13.46) | 15.50 | 15.78 | |
| 2004-07 | 21 151 (37.54) | 20 513 (36.41) | 112 928 (35.61) | 2.35 | 3.36 | |
| 2008-11 | 31 226 (55.43) | 29 339 (52.08) | 161 510 (50.93) | 6.72 | 5.93 | |
| Duration of treatment database membership before cohort entry date (years) | ||||||
| 1 to 2 | 5621 (9.98) | 5770 (10.24) | 30 884 (9.74) | 0.88 | 1.18 | |
| 3 to 4 | 6216 (11.03) | 6998 (12.42) | 38 421 (12.12) | 4.32 | 4.15 | |
| 5 to 6 | 7802 (13.85) | 9962 (17.68) | 58 311 (18.39) | 10.54 | 9.18 | |
| ≥7 | 36 698 (65.14) | 33 607 (59.65) | 189 493 (59.76) | 11.35 | 10.37 | |
| Range | 1.00-22.00 | 1.00-23.00 | 1.00-23.00 | — | — | |
| Mean (standard deviation) | 8.39 (4.35) | 8.14 (4.36) | 8.06 (4.06) | — | — | |
| Median (interquartile range) | 8.00 (5.00-11.00) | 8.00 (5.00-11.00) | 8.00 (5.00-12.00) | — | — | |
| No of different diabetes drug classes ever used before cohort entry date | ||||||
| 0 | 2260 (4.01) | 2253 (4.00) | 25 397 (8.01) | 0.06 | 2.51 | |
| 1 | 14 970 (26.57) | 14 129 (25.08) | 113 404 (35.76) | 3.41 | 1.33 | |
| 2 | 25 185 (44.70) | 24 068 (42.72) | 114 283 (36.04) | 4.00 | 5.77 | |
| 3 | 11 052 (19.62) | 12 046 (21.38) | 50 098 (15.80) | 4.37 | 3.60 | |
| >3 | 2870 (5.09) | 3841 (6.82) | 13 927 (4.39) | 7.29 | 6.34 | |
Data are no (%) of patients unless stated otherwise.