Table 5.
Distribution of other non-matching variables at cohort entry date
| Pioglitazone cohort (no (%) of patients) | Standardised difference | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Exposed to pioglitazone (n=56 337) | Not exposed to pioglitazone (nearest match cohort; n=56 337) | Not exposed to pioglitazone (multiple match cohort; n=317 109) | Nearest match cohort | Multiple match cohort | ||
| Age at cohort entry date (years) | ||||||
| 40-49 | 6728 (11.94) | 5608 (9.95) | 27 697 (8.73) | 6.37 | 8.16 | |
| 50-59 | 14 881 (26.41) | 12 618 (22.40) | 66 083 (20.84) | 9.36 | 10.33 | |
| 60-69 | 18 366 (32.60) | 17 262 (30.64) | 94 060 (29.66) | 4.22 | 4.18 | |
| ≥70 | 16 362 (29.04) | 20 849 (37.01) | 129 269 (40.76) | 17.00 | 18.90 | |
| Range | 40-102 | 40-106 | 40.00-107.00 | — | — | |
| Mean (standard deviation) | 63.24 (10.86) | 65.38 (11.56) | 66.55 (11.71) | — | — | |
| Median (interquartile range) | 63.00 (55.03-71.00) | 65.00 (57.00-74.00) | 67.00 (58.00-75.00) | — | — | |
| Sex | ||||||
| Male | 31 732 (56.33) | 30 561 (54.25) | 170 181 (53.67) | 4.18 | 3.83 | |
| Female | 24 605 (43.67) | 25 776 (45.75) | 146 928 (46.33) | 4.18 | 3.83 | |
| No of different diabetes drug classes being used at cohort entry date | ||||||
| 1 | 6905 (12.26) | 9961 (17.68) | 69 336 (21.87) | 15.25 | 15.99 | |
| 2 | 29 216 (51.86) | 29 767 (52.84) | 176 356 (55.61) | 1.96 | 1.79 | |
| 3 | 18 446 (32.74) | 15 917 (28.25) | 68 964 (21.75) | 9.76 | 10.13 | |
| >3 | 1770 (3.14) | 692 (1.23) | 2453 (0.77) | 13.12 | 13.41 | |
| Diabetes treatment at cohort entry date* | ||||||
| Metformin only | 19 622 (34.83) | 3496 (6.21) | 34 122 (10.76) | 75.80 | 74.90 | |
| Sulphonylureas only | 7442 (13.21) | 2418 (4.29) | 18 768 (5.92) | 31.96 | 31.65 | |
| Metformin and sulphonylureas | 13 659 (24.25) | 12 062 (21.41) | 82 031 (25.87) | 6.76 | 5.55 | |
| Insulin (only or in combination) | 2595 (4.61) | 20 840 (36.99) | 114 382 (36.07) | 87.02 | 86.16 | |
| Other drugs (one drug only or combination) | 6114 (10.85) | 17 521 (31.10) | 67 806 (21.38) | 51.34 | 50.40 | |
| No treatment | 6905 (12.26) | 0 | 0 | 52.86 | 52.86 | |
| Bladder comorbidities at cohort entry date | ||||||
| Urinary incontinence | 2960 (5.25) | 3455 (6.13) | 19 792 (6.24) | 3.79 | 3.35 | |
| Urinary tract infection | 5336 (9.47) | 5774 (10.25) | 22 596 (7.13) | 2.61 | 3.12 | |
| Pyelonephritis | 682 (1.21) | 842 (1.49) | 5650 (1.78) | 2.46 | 2.66 | |
| Urolithiasis | 1268 (2.25) | 1182 (2.10) | 5740 (1.81) | 1.05 | 0.95 | |
| Haematuria | 1866 (3.31) | 1970 (3.50) | 8368 (2.64) | 1.02 | 1.40 | |
| Urinary retention | 556 (0.99) | 774 (1.37) | 4324 (1.36) | 3.58 | 3.67 | |
| Neurogenic bladder | 49 (0.09) | 66 (0.12) | 436 (0.14) | 0.95 | 1.20 | |
| Catheterisation | 431 (0.77) | 602 (1.07) | 2955 (0.93) | 3.19 | 3.41 | |
| Other comorbidities at cohort entry date | ||||||
| Other urinary tract cancer (excluding bladder cancer) | 114 (0.20) | 122 (0.22) | 869 (0.27) | 0.31 | 0.20 | |
| Other cancer (excluding urinary tract cancer) | 5663 (10.05) | 6538 (11.61) | 37 210 (11.73) | 5.00 | 5.97 | |
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 5406 (9.60) | 6396 (11.35) | 33 563 (10.58) | 5.74 | 7.19 | |
| Use of other drug treatments before cohort entry date | ||||||
| Statins | 26 077 (46.29) | 24 778 (43.98) | 160 948 (50.75) | 4.63 | 4.96 | |
| Angiotension receptor blocker | 15 795 (28.04) | 14 057 (24.95) | 81 669 (25.75) | 6.99 | 7.13 | |
| Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors | 31 328 (55.61) | 31 746 (56.35) | 167 820 (52.92) | 1.49 | 1.89 | |
| Benign prostatic hyperplasia | 7401 (13.14) | 7793 (13.83) | 39 108 (12.33) | 2.04 | 2.28 | |
Data are no (%) of patients unless stated otherwise. Treatments initiated at cohort entry date are included. For the pioglitazone exposed group, listed treatments are in addition to pioglitazone.