Fig 4. Median estimated vs. predicted flame height for the three treatments.

Using surface fuel only (F), all predictions were for low flame heights (R² = 0.11). Including structure with that fuel (FS) enabled the prediction of large flames, but the accuracy was low (R² = 0.24). The inclusion of leaf traits (FSL) significantly improved the accuracy of predictions (R² = 0.80), producing a MAE 3.80 times smaller than F, (p < 0.01, paired t-test), and 4.67 times smaller than FS (p < 0.01). The line of exact agreement is shown as solid, and the trend of the data is shown as a broken line, with R² reported under the treatment name.