Table 3.

Altered auditory feedback (AAF) effects on syllable rate, disfluency duration, and vocal intensity.

Participant ID	Speech diagnosis	Syllable rate				Disfluency duration				Vocal intensity
		Level change		Variability change		Level change		Variability change		Level change
		AAF effect	AAF release	AAF effect	AAF release	AAF effect	AAF release	AAF effect	AAF release	AAF effect	AAF release
P1	AOS	−2.91*	−0.2	—	—	0.00	2.35	−1.75	8.15*	5.40***	−4.45***
P2	AOS	−0.20	−1.28	—	—	−1.76	0.83	−5.49	0.93	4.91***	−5.37***
P3	MIN	−0.72	−0.91	—	—	−1.3	2.21	−0.48	4.51	3.34***	−5.32***
P4	AOS	1.95	−0.59	—	—	—	—	—	—	−3.49***	−1.87
P5	BORD	−2.85*	0.53	—	—	—	—	—	—	5.15***	−5.40***
P6	AOS	−1.25	2.21	—	—	−0.21	−0.60	—	—	5.18***	−4.43***
P7	APP	−4.42***	1.85	—	—	−2.11	2.39	−2.82	13.38**	4.61***	−3.64***
P8 a	AOS	—	—	—	—	−1.56	2.30	−3.36	7.60*	5.40***	−5.40***
P9 a	DYS	−3.77**	2.12	−0.13	3.34	—	—	—	—	4.29***	−5.21***
P10	BORD	—	—	—	—	—	—	−12.92**	1.03	2.77 **	−4.87***

Note. AOS = apraxia of speech; MIN = minimal speech impairment; BORD = borderline AOS; APP = aphasia with phonemic paraphasia; DYS = dysarthria. The effect of AAF on changed level and variability of syllable rate and disfluency is represented by nonparametric analyses (Wilcoxon [Z score] for level changes; Fligner-Killeen [X ²] for variability change). The effect of AAF represents comparison to the preceding baseline phase. Release from AAF indicates comparison of AAF measures to the following baseline condition. Negative values indicate that level or variability was reduced in comparison to the prior phase. Significance figures were adjusted for multiple comparisons using the Benjamini-Hochberg method (Benjamini & Yekutieli, 2001). Comparisons were only made for participants for whom a Kruskal–Wallis test indicated an overall effect of condition on a given factor. Em dashes indicate that tests among conditions were not completed because an overall effect was not found for that participant using the Kruskal-Wallis test.

^aP8 and P9 received the ACABA order (i.e., masking before altered feedback; A = NAF; B = AAF; C = MAF); all others received AAF before masking.

^* p < .05,

^** p < .01,

^*** p < .001.