Figure 1.

The cumulative frequency of substance outcomes over time as predicted by sleep during late childhood. Specifically, more restless sleep predicted an earlier onset of alcohol use (A) and cannabis use (B), while more variable sleep timing predicted an earlier onset of alcohol use disorder (C). For the sake of illustration, participants were classified into four groups for each sleep measure: participants with scores less than -1 SD from the mean, participants with scores in between -1 SD and the mean, participants with scores in between the mean and +1 SD, and participants with scores greater than +1 SD from the mean. DOTS-R = Dimensions of Temperament Survey-Revised.