Preparation and characterization of GO-PEG and GO-PEG-CySCOOH. a) Schematic structure of GO-PEG-CySCOOH. b) Stability of GO-PEG-CySCOOH in different physiological solution including water, PBS, cell medium and fetal bovine serum. No Significant aggregation was noticed after 24 hours incubation. c) AFM images of GO-PEG and GO-PEG-CySCOOH. d) Normalized UV-vis-NIR spectra of GO-PEG, free CySCOOH and GO-PEG-CySCOOH. Two characteristic absorption peaks at 740 and 820 nm were observed for GO-PEG-CySCOOH. e) Quantification of CySCOOH loading at different CySCOOH concentrations. f) Fluorescence spectra of free CySCOOH, and GO-PEG-CySCOOH at a concentration of 20 μM of CySCOOH and 50 μg of GO-PEG-CySCOOH. g) Temperature elevation of GO-PEG-CySCOOH, free CySCOOH and GO-PEG solution at the same concentration over a period of 2 min under exposure of NIR light (808 nm, 1 W cm2) measured using a digital thermocamera.