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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2017 Sep 1.
Published in final edited form as: Drug Alcohol Depend. 2016 Jul 26;166:202–208. doi: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2016.07.014

Table 1.

Descriptive statistics of model variables (n = 18,517 time-space units)

Mean SD
Number of zip codes per year 1683.37 16.75
Outcome measures
  Number of hospital discharges for child maltreatment 0.66 1.25
  Number of hospital discharges for child unintentional injury 7.69 11.21
Substance use measures
  % Hospital discharges for prescription drug overdose 0.40 0.70
  % Hospital discharges for alcohol abuse & dependence 2.11 2.31
  % Hospital discharges for other drug abuse & dependence 1.41 2.29
Other covariates
  Overall hospitalization rate (/100,000) 0.22 2.38
  Retail clutter/mile2 (×10) 24.72 95.98
  Zip code instability 0.01 0.33
  Population density (10,000/mile2) 3.32 5.49
  Off-premise alcohol outlets/mile2 (×10) 2.67 6.77
  On-premise alcohol outlets/mile2 (×10) 5.60 23.37
  % Hispanic 26.67 22.19
  % African American 4.75 8.29
  % White 56.06 25.36
  % Age 20–24 years 6.97 2.87
  % Age 25–44 years 27.31 6.90
  % Age 45–64 years 25.60 6.39
  % Age 65 or older 13.86 6.87
  % families living in poverty 10.08 8.04
  Household income ($10,000 US) 5.82 2.51
  % Female headed households with children 2.58 2.28
  % Male 50.67 4.94

time-space units are the unweighted averages of 18,517 annual zip-code observations