Table 2.

Relative rates associated with zip code characteristics predicting child maltreatment and unintentional injury

	Model 1 Child maltreatment		Model 2 Unintentional injury

	Median RR	(95% Credible Interval)	Median RR	(95% Credible Interval)
Time trend	1.005	(0.996, 1.014)	0.982	(0.978, 0.986)
Substance use measures
% Hospital discharges for prescription drug overdose	1.089	(1.004, 1.165)	1.055	(1.012, 1.096)
% Hospital discharges for alcohol abuse & dependence	1.068	(1.015, 1.068)	0.990	(0.977, 1.002)
% Hospital discharges for other drug abuse & dependence	1.082	(1.066, 1.096)	1.056	(1.044, 1.067)
Other covariates
Overall hospitalization rate (/100,000)	1.051	(1.015, 1.068)	1.051	(1.043, 1.058)
Retail clutter/mile² (×10)	1.000	(0.999, 1.001)	0.999	(0.998, 0.999)
Zip code instability	0.755	(0.191, 2.680)	0.316	(0.175, 0.563)
Population density (10,000/mile²)	0.428	(0.181, 0.917)	1.411	(0.961, 1.998)
Off-premise alcohol outlets/mile² (×10)	0.996	(0.987, 1.005)	1.015	(1.010, 1.020)
On-premise alcohol outlets/mile² (×10)	1.002	(0.999, 1.004)	0.998	(0.996, 0.999)
% Hispanic	1.001	(0.998, 1.003)	1.007	(1.006, 1.008)
% African American	1.017	(1.014, 1.021)	1.007	(1.005, 1.009)
% White	0.998	(0.995, 1.000)	0.999	(0.998, 0.999)
% Age 20–24 years	0.941	(0.925, 0.960)	0.948	(0.940, 0.956)
% Age 25–44 years	0.950	(0.942, 0.960)	0.943	(0.939, 0.947)
% Age 45–64 years	0.929	(0.919, 0.942)	0.929	(0.925, 0.934)
% Age 65 years or older	0.963	(0.957, 0.971)	0.936	(0.932, 0.939)
% Families living in poverty	1.003	(0.998, 1.008)	1.007	(1.004, 1.009)
Household income ($10,000 US)	0.912	(0.895, 0.929)	1.042	(1.034, 1.050)
% Female headed households with children	0.943	(0.919, 0.966)	0.961	(0.951, 0.972)
% Male	1.021	(1.004, 1.029)	0.989	(0.985, 0.993)

Note: Includes 18,517 annual zip code observations