Table 1.
Cohort characteristics and cooking behaviors during exposure measurement
| Overall cohort n=239 | Number Missing | |
|---|---|---|
|
| ||
| n (%) or median (IQR) | ||
|
| ||
| Maternal characteristics | ||
| Age category | 12 | |
| 18–20 years | 67 (29.5%) | |
| 21–25 years | 97 (42.7%) | |
| ≥26 years | 63 (27.8%) | |
| Parity | 4 | |
| Nulliparous | 146 (62.1%) | |
| Primiparous | 89 (37.9%) | |
| BMI category | 0 | |
| < 18.5 kg/m2 | 21 (8.8%) | |
| 18.5–24.9 kg/m2 | 134 (56.1%) | |
| 25–29.9 kg/m2 | 61 (25.5%) | |
| 30+ kg/m2 | 23 (9.6%) | |
| Prenatal vitamin compliance >80% | 171 (75.3%) | 12 |
| History of hypertension | 8 (3.5%) | 12 |
| Treated for antepartum malaria episode | 0 (0%) | 0 |
|
| ||
| Socio-Demographics | ||
| Household asset indexa | 12 | |
| Low | 13 (5.7%) | |
| Medium | 114 (50.2%) | |
| High | 100 (44.1%) | |
| Neighborhood | 1 | |
| Urban | 64 (26.9%) | |
| Periurban or rural | 174 (73.1%) | |
| Housing | 4 | |
| Apartment or multifamily home | 186 (79.2%) | |
| Single family home | 49 (20.5%) | |
|
| ||
| Year of exposure measurements | 0 | |
| 2011 | 85 (35.6%) | |
| 2012 | 113 (47.3%) | |
| 2013 | 41 (17.2%) | |
|
| ||
| Rainy season during measurements | 130 (54.4%) | 0 |
|
| ||
| Cooking behaviors during measurement | ||
| Cooked meals for family | 231 (97.9%) | 3 |
| Number of meals cooked per day | 2.7 (1.3)b | 3 |
| Fuels used | 3 | |
| Did not cook | 5 (2.1%) | |
| Wood only | 4 (1.7%) | |
| Charcoal only | 73 (30.9%) | |
| Kerosene only | 22 (9.3%) | |
| Gas/electricity only | 2 (0.9%) | |
| Both charcoal and kerosene | 130 (55.1%) | |
| Cooked outdoors/partially outdoors | 87 (36.4%) | 0 |
|
| ||
| Cooks for commerce | 7 (2.9%) | 0 |
|
| ||
| Cooking area characteristics | ||
| Number of stoves | 2.0 (0)b | 0 |
| Cooking area shared with other families | 107 (44.8%) | 0 |
| Visible soot on walls | 181 (77.7%) | 6 |
|
| ||
| Other sources of household air pollution | ||
| Use of incense | 42 (17.6%) | 0 |
| Use of mosquito coils | 17 (7.1%) | 0 |
| Burning of rubbish | 36 (15.1%) | 1 |
| Tobacco use | 3 (1.3%) | 0 |
| Secondhand smoke | 27 (11.3%) | 0 |
| Nearest major road ≤ 200 meters | 156 (66.1%) | 3 |
| Nearest road is paved | 106 (45.9%) | 8 |
BMI= body mass index in kilograms/meters. IQR= interquartile range.
a
Household asset index constructed after tallying ownership of ten items (car, generator, bicycle, sofa, television, radio, refridgerator, fan, electricity, and potable aqua). Low asset index= counts of 0–5; medium asset index= counts of 6–8; high asset index= counts of 9–10.
b
Median (±IQR).