Table 3.
Influence of residential environment, cooking behaviors, and other household air pollution sources on median (50th centile) personal exposure to carbon monoxide and fine particulate matter
| CO | PM2.5 | |
|---|---|---|
|
| ||
| Regression coefficienta (95% CI) | Regression coefficienta (95% CI) | |
|
| ||
| Sociodemographics | ||
| Household Asset Index | ||
| Low | −0.0 (−1.5, 1.4) | 9.0 (−17.3, 80.9) |
| Medium | −0.1 (−0.4, 0.3) | −3.0 (−10.7, 4.1) |
| High | Referent | Referent |
| Urban neighborhood | 0.1 (−0.4, 0.7) | −2.3 (−10.3, 4.2) |
| Single family home | −0.3 (−0.8, 0.3) | −9.3 (−24.6, 0.1) |
|
| ||
| Year of measurements | ||
| 2011 | Referent | Referent |
| 2012 | −0.3 (−0.8, 0.3) | −9.7 (−14.0, 0.0) |
| 2013 | −0.2 (−1.0, 0.7) | -- |
|
| ||
| Rainy seasonb | −0.6 (−1.0, −0.2) | −2.4 (−11.2, 5.1) |
|
| ||
| Cooking area CO measurements (ppm) | 0.0 (−0.0, 0.1) | −0.1(−0.4, 0.7) |
|
| ||
| Cooking behaviors during measurement | ||
| Number of meals cooked | −0.1 (−0.5, 0.2) | −0.6 (−4.3, 7.8) |
| Fuels used | ||
| Kerosene only | Referent | Referent |
| Charcoal/kerosene mixb | 0.9 (0.0,1.8) | 5.3 (−10.6, 10.2) |
| Charcoal only | 0.7 (−0.2, 1.7) | 14.4 (−8.2, 19.4) |
|
| ||
| Cooks for commerce | −0.7 (−2.8, 1.3) | -- |
|
| ||
| Kitchen characteristics | ||
| Shared with other families | 0.0 (−0.5, 0.5) | −7.2 (−15.4, 2.1) |
| Outdoors/partially outdoorsc | −0.4 (−0.8, 0.0) | −14.5 (−18.3, −2.5) |
| Visible soot on walls | 0.0 (−0.5, 0.5) | 2.3 (−9.8, 17.0) |
|
| ||
| Other sources of household air pollution | ||
| Use of incense | 0.1 (−0.7, 0.8) | −4.6 (−13.5, 8.7) |
| Use of mosquito coils | −0.6 (−1.7, 0.6) | 3.8 (−12.5, 15.0) |
| Burning of rubbish | −0.2 (−0.9, 0.5) | 6.1 (−9.3, 20.0) |
| Tobacco smoke | -- | -- |
| Secondhand smoke | 0.2 (−0.6, 1.0) | −11.0 (−28.1, 4.2) |
| Distance to nearest road >200m | 0.3 (−0.3, 0.9) | -- |
| Nearest road paved | 0.1 (−0.4, 0.6) | −0.7 (−7.2, 9.2) |
CI=confidence interval; CO=carbon monoxide; PM2.5= fine particulate matter < 2.5 micrometers in diameter.
For categorical variables, the regression coefficient represents the change in the median exposure with the predictor (compared to without). For continuous variables, the coefficient represents the change in median exposure from a one unit increase in the predictor. The referent category is listed in the table for variables with more than two categories. For dichotomous variables, the referent response category is no (e.g., the referent category for use of incense would be those who reported no use of incense). Variables with cell counts of less than 5 were not included in multivariable models
p < 0.05 for CO model.
p < 0.05 for PM2.5 model.