Table 2.
Redox status in HD patients.
| Authors | Groups | HD modality and period | TBARS/MDA | Free sulfhydryl groups | Isoprostanes 8-iPF2a-III | AOPP | Protein carbonyls | XO | GSH | ORAC/TEAC/TAC | SOD/GPx/GR reductase |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Haklar et al., 1995 [49] | (a) 14 HD patients (age: 52 yr) (b) 14 healthy subjects (age: 40 yr) |
Cuprophan, dialyzers, 22 months, 3x/week/4 h |
MDA (nmol/mL) (a) ↑5.50 ± 0.6 (b) 2.82 ± 0.36 |
(a) ↑41.2 ± 10.4 (b) 22.6 ± 5.5 (nmol/mg protein) |
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| Sommerburg et al., 1998 [44] |
(a) 8 HD patients, Hb < 10 g/dL (age: 58 yr) (b) 8 HD patients, Hb > 10 g/dL (age: 62 yr) (c) 27 HD patients receiving rHuEpo (age: 66 yr) (d) 20 healthy subjects (age: 59 yr) |
Bicarbonate HD, 6–10 years, 3x/week/4-5 h | MDA (μM) (a) ↑3.81 ± 0.86 (b) ↑2.77 ± 0.58 (c) ↑2.50 ± 0.12 (d) 0.37 ± 0.03 |
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| Ward et al., 2003 [53] | (a) 11 HD patients (age: 51 ± 5 yr) (b) 12–17 healthy subjects (age 23–54 yr) |
49 ± 11 months | (a) ↓ 268 ± 22 (b) 438 ± 16 (μmol/L) |
(a) ↑191 ± 27 (b) 74 ± 8 (μmol/L) |
(a) ↑0.144 ± 0.037 (b) 0.041 ± 0.008 (nmol/mg) |
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| Choi et al. [30] | (a) 18 patients (age: 52.0 ± 17 yr) (b) 16 healthy subjects (age: 48.9 ± 15.4 yr) |
94.3 ± 43.5 months, 3x/week/4 h | (a) ↑13 ± 9.4 (b) 4.5 ± 0.9 (RLU) |
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| Triolo et al., 2003 [45] | (a) 10 HD patients (age: 64.6 ± 13.7 yr) (b) 30 healthy subjects (age: 59.8 ± 9.4 yr) |
Bicarbonate HD, 86.6 ± 47.2 months, 3x/week/3.5–4 h |
MDA (nmol/mL) (a) ↑1.87 ± 0.36 (b) 1.13 ± 0.18 |
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| Anraku et al., 2004 [52] | (a) 11 HD patients (age: 25 to 87 yr) (b) 11 age-matched healthy subjects |
Bicarbonate, 1–9 years, 3x/week/4-5 h |
(a) ↑1.0 ± 0.1 (b) 0.4 ± 0.03 (nmol/mg protein) |
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| Fragedaki et al., 2005 [54] | (a) 12 SHD patients (age: 57.5 ± 12.8 yr) (b) 13 MHD patients (age: 48 ± 11.5 yr) (c) 12 healthy subjects (age: 52.9 ± 10.7 yr) |
(a) Polyethersulfone, 3.6 ± 1.82 years, 3x/week/4–4.5 h (b) Polyethersulfone, 3.3 ± 1.37 years, 6x/week/2–2.5 h |
(a) 0.44 ± 0.23 (b) 0.57 ± 0.36 (c) 0.60 ± 0.46 (nmol/mg protein) |
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| Mera et al., 2005 [51] | (a) 20 HD patients (age: 62.8 ± 12.7 yr) (b) 10 healthy subjects (age: 67.8 ± 1.8 yr) |
Bicarbonate HD, 1–9 years, 3x/week/4-5 h |
(a) ↑3.12 ± 1.1 (b) 2.10 ± 0.34 (nmol/mg protein) |
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| Stepniewska et al., 2006 [55] | (a) 25 HD patients (age: 50.3 ± 13.79 yr) (b) 26 HD patients (age: 60.54 ± 13.54 yr) (c) 29 healthy subjects (age: 49.7 ± 11.4 yr) |
(a) Polysulfone HD, glucose-free fluid, 27.44 ± 15.87 months, 3x/week, 4 h (b) Polysulfone HD, glucose fluid, 24.43 ± 12.68 months 3x/week/4 h |
(a) ↑19.6 ± 8.8 (b) ↑20.5 ± 8.0 (c) 14.2 ± 2.1 (μmol/g Hb) |
Gr reductase (a) ↑2.82 ± 0.98 (b) ↑2.57 ± 0.76 (c) 1.95 ± 0.40 (U/g Hb) |
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| Dolegowska et al., 2007 [50] | (a) 22 HD patients (age: 53.06 ± 11.43 yr) (b) 22 HD patients (age: 57.70 ± 14.78 yr) (c) 22 healthy subjects (age: 51.93 ± 9.94 yr) |
(a) Polysulfone HD, glucose-free fluid, 3x/week/4 h (b) Polysulfone HD, glucose fluid, 3x/week/4 h |
(a) Plasma: 0.05 ± 0.02 RBC: 7.19 ± 10.45 (b) ↑Plasma: 0.19 ± 0.15 RBC: 8.75 ± 7.58 (c) Plasma: 0.10 ± 0.05 RBC: 5.29 ± 7.54 (ng/mL), (ng/g Hb) |
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| Sakata et al., 2008 [46] | (a) 36 HD patients (age: 63.6 ± 12.1 yr) (b) 15 healthy subjects (age: 32.5 ± 8.6 yr) |
Bicarbonate HD, 12.1 ± 7.0 years | MDA (μM) (a) ↑0.25 ± 0.11 (b) 0.05 ± 0.02 |
(a) ↑88.8 ± 39.7 (b) 43.8 ± 20.3 (μM) |
(a) ORAC: ↑2,672 ± 554 TEAC: ↑0.77 ± 0.2 (b) ORAC: 1,363 ± 174 TEAC: 0.43 ± 0.12 (U/mL), mM Trol eq/L |
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| Bober et al., 2010 [29] | (a) 22 HD patients (age: 55.9 ± 14.8 yr) (b) 23 HD patients (age: 64.3 ± 12.1 yr) (c) 21 healthy subjects (age: 56 ± 16.6 yr) |
(a) Polysulfone HD, glucose-free fluid, 8.78 ± 6.42 months, 3x/week (b) Polysulfone HD, glucose fluid, 9.45 ± 6.62 months 3x/week |
MDA (a) ↑1.56 ± 0.27 (b) ↑1.36 ± 0.30 (c) 0.79 ± 0.12 (μmol/L) |
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| Dimitrijevic et al., 2012 [47] | (a) 15 HD patients (age: 55.6 ± 18.2 yr) (b) 29 healthy subjects (age: 55 ± 15.8 yr) |
Bicarbonate HD, 52.5 ± 61.6 months | MDA (a) Plasma: ↑11.3 ± 11.2 RBC: ↑14.7 ± 2.2 (b) Plasma: 6.0 ± 1.1 RBC: 8.7 ± 1.3 (mmol/L), (nmol/mL) |
(a) ↓284.4 ± 44.5 (b) 449.2 ± 66.6 (μmol/L) |
(a) TAC: ↓2.5 ± 0.3 (b) TAC: 3.6 ± 0.5 (μmol/L) |
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| Guo et al., 2013 [48] | (a) 20 HD patients (age: 55 ± 7 yr) (b) 25 healthy subjects (age: 53 ± 7 yr) |
HD, 6 ± 1 years, 3x/week/4 h |
MDA (a) ↑6 (median) (b) 2.9 (nmol/L) |
(a) GPx: ↓50.5 ± 8.4 SOD: ↓ 3.4 (b) GPx: 85.2 ± 6.1 SOD: 8.3 (U/mL) (median) |
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TBARS: thiobarbituric acid reactive substances; MDA: malondialdehyde; AOPP: advanced oxidation protein products; GSH: reduced glutathione; ORAC: oxygen radical absorbance capacity; TEAC: trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity; TAC: total antioxidant capacity; SOD: superoxide dismutase; GPX: glutathione peroxidase; yr: years; ↑↓: versus healthy controls; ± stands for standard deviation except in cases of studies of Ward et al. (2003) [53] and Anraku et al. (2004) [52] where ± stands for standard error.