Table 3.
EC50 or MBC, mg compound l−1 | 72 h EC50 | 24 h EC50 | 30 min EC50 | 24 h MBC | 24 h MBC |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Organisms | Algae | Protozoa | Bacteria | Bacteria | Bacteria |
Species | Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata | Tetrahymena thermophila | Vibrio fischeri (G−) | Escherichia coli (G−) | Staphylococcus aureus (G+) |
Exposure Medium | Mineral Medium | DI Water | 2 % NaCl | DI Water | DI Water |
0.1–1 | CuO, ZnO, Pd | None | None | CuO | CuO |
>1–10 | Co3O4, Fe3O4, Mn3O4, TiO2 | CuO, ZnO | CuO | ZnO, Pd | ZnO |
>10–100 | Al2O3, SiO2, WO3 | Fe3O4, TiO2 | ZnO, Pd, WO3, Sb2O3 | Co3O4, Fe3O4 | Fe3O4, Mn3O4, Pd |
>100 | MgO, Sb2O3 | Al2O3, Co3O4, MgO, Mn3O4, Pd, Sb2O3, SiO2, WO3 | Al2O3, Co3O4, Fe3O4, MgO, Mn3O4, SiO2, TiO2 | Al2O3, MgO, Mn3O4, Sb2O3, SiO2, TiO2, WO3 | Al2O3, Co3O4, MgO, Sb2O3, SiO2, TiO2, WO |
EC 50 half effective concentration, MBC minimal biocidal concentration, i.e., the lowest tested nominal concentration of nanoparticles which completely inhibited the formation of visible colonies after sub-culturing on toxicant-free agarised growth medium. Prior sub-culturing bacteria were incubated with nanoparticles for 24 h at 25 °C in deionized water