TABLE 1.
Participant demographic characteristics by city: Vancouver, Toronto, and Ottawa
| Vancouver (n = 387) | Toronto (n = 390) | Ottawa (n = 396) | p value* | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age in years (mean ± SD) | 42.0 ± 10.2 | 43.8 ± 9.8 | 41.0 ± 11.4 | 0.009 |
| Gender (n (%)) | ||||
| Male | 250 (64.6) | 258 (66.2) | 280 (70.7) | 0.0005 |
| Female | 137 (35.4) | 132 (33.8) | 116 (29.3) | |
| Problematic substance use | 174 (45.1) | 114 (29.2) | 149 (38.8) | <0.0001 |
| Housing status at recruitment (n (%)) | ||||
| Vulnerably housed | 195 (50.4) | 191 (49.0) | 199 (50.2) | 0.91 |
| Homeless | 192 (49.6) | 199 (51.0) | 197 (49.8) | |
| Born in Canada (n (%)) | 346 (90.8) | 289 (74.1) | 349 (88.3) | <0.0001 |
| Marital status (n (%)) | ||||
| Single/never married | 198 (51.8) | 240 (61.7) | 236 (59.7) | 0.01 |
| Divorced/separated | 106 (27.8) | 100 (25.7) | 98 (24.8) | |
| Widowed | 15 (3.9) | 9(2.3) | 6 (1.5) | |
| Married/common law | 37 (9.7) | 23 (5.9) | 22 (5.6) | |
| Partnered, not married | 26 (6.8) | 17 (4.4) | 33 (8.4) | |
| Ever had children (n (%)) | 231 (60.5) | 218 (56.3) | 209 (53.5) | 0.11 |
| Racial/cultural group (n (%)) | ||||
| White | 218 (58.1) | 202 (54.4) | 297 (75.6) | <0.0001 |
| Black/African-Canadian | 12 (3.2) | 67 (18.1) | 26 (6.6) | |
| Indigenous | 101 (27.0) | 49 (13.2) | 47 (12.0) | |
| Other | 44 (11.7) | 53 (14.3) | 23 (5.8) | |
| Highest level of education (n (%)) | ||||
| Some high school or less | 174 (45.5) | 168 (43.3) | 181 (45.9) | 0.54 |
| Completed high school or equivalent | 97 (25.4) | 87 (22.4) | 87 (22.1) | |
| Some post-secondary education or higher | 111 (29.1) | 133 (34.3) | 126 (32.0) | |
| Employed in past 12 months (n (%)) | 167 (43.3) | 134 (34.4) | 166 (42.0) | 0.02 |
| Monthly income (CDN dollars; median (IQR)) | 1080 (682–1756) | 762 (499–1251) | 825 (512–1307) | <0.0001 |
| Lifetime duration of homelessness (years; median (IQR)) | 3.4 (1.3–7.2) | 3.5 (1.2–8.0) | 2.3 (1.0–6.0) | 0.02 |
| Incarcerated in past 12 months (n (%)) | 108 (28.4) | 102 (26.1) | 123 (31.3) | 0.28 |
| Count of chronic health conditions (n (%)) | ||||
| 0 | 28 (7.2) | 78 (20.0) | 42 (10.6) | <0.0001 |
| 1 | 78 (20.2) | 83 (21.3) | 86 (21.7) | |
| 2 | 61 (15.8) | 74 (19.0) | 59 (14.9) | |
| ≥3 | 220 (56.8) | 155 (39.7) | 209 (52.8) | |
| Ever diagnosed with a mental health problem (n (%)) | 203 (53.4) | 156 (40.4) | 235 (60.3) | <0.0001 |
Note. SD standard deviation, CDN Canadian, IQR interquartile range