TABLE 2.
Multivariable generalized logistic mixed effects regression model to estimate the independent effect of residential stability on unmet physical health care needs over time: Vancouver, Toronto, and Ottawa, 2009–2013
| Unmet physical health care needs at baseline (n = 440) | No unmet physical health care needs at baseline (n = 723) | Unadjusted OR of unmet physical health care needs during FU1–FU4 (95 % CI) | Adjusted OR of unmet physical health care needs during FU1–FU4 (95 % CI) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Residential stability | 69 (15.7) | 136 (18.9) | 0.75 (0.63, 0.9) | 0.82 (0.67, 0.98) |
| Age (mean ± SD) | 41.6 ± 10.5 | 42.7 ± 10.6 | 1 (0.99, 1.01) | 1 (0.99, 1.01) |
| Female (n (%)) | 153 (34.8) | 229 (31.7) | 1.08 (0.86, 1.35) | 1.01 (0.79, 1.3) |
| Racial/cultural group (n (%)) | ||||
| White | 280 (65.3) | 427 (61.0) | Reference | Reference |
| Black/African-Canadian | 33 (7.7) | 72 (10.3) | 0.60 (0.40, 0.90) | 0.7 (0.46, 1.08) |
| Indigenous | 77 (17.9) | 120 (17.1) | 0.92 (0.69, 1.22) | 0.8 (0.59, 1.09) |
| Other | 39 (9.1) | 81 (11.6) | 0.92 (0.64, 1.32) | 0.92 (0.63, 1.34) |
| Ever diagnosed with a mental health problem (n (%)) | 256 (59.0) | 332 (46.7) | 1.84 (1.48, 2.28) | 1.71 (1.36, 2.16) |
| At least 3 chronic health conditions (n (%)) | 280 (63.6) | 299 (41.4) | 1.68 (1.36, 2.09) | 1.58 (1.25, 2.01) |
| Lifetime homeless duration (years, median (IQR)) | 3.6 (1.3, 7.7) | 2.8 (1.1, 6.4) | 1.01 (0.99, 1.03) | 1 (0.98, 1.02) |
| Problematic substance usea (n (%)) | 204 (46.4) | 226 (31.4) | 1.69 (1.39, 2.05) | 1.52 (1.23, 1.88) |
| Employed in past 12 monthsa (n (%)) | 185 (42.1) | 277 (38.4) | 1.08 (0.89, 1.32) | 1.19 (0.96, 1.46) |
| Incarceration in past 12 monthsa (n (%)) | 151 (34.6) | 179 (25.0) | 1.54 (1.24, 1.93) | 1.32 (1.04, 1.68) |
| Has a primary health providera (n (%)) | 249 (56.7) | 448 (62.0) | 0.81 (0.66, 0.98) | 0.77 (0.62, 0.96) |
| Time (per year) | 0.93 (0.86, 1.00) | 0.96 (0.89, 1.03) | ||
| City (n (%)) | ||||
| Toronto (ref) | 134 (30.4) | 253 (35.0) | Reference | Reference |
| Ottawa | 149 (33.9) | 245 (33.9) | 1.16 (0.89, 1.51) | 0.86 (0.65, 1.14) |
| Vancouver | 157 (35.7) | 225 (31.1) | 1.14 (0.87, 1.49) | 0.99 (0.75, 1.31) |
Note. FU follow-up, OR odds ratio, CI confidence interval, SD standard deviation, IQR interquartile range
aTime-varying variables