TABLE 4.
Multivariable generalized logistic mixed effects regression model to estimate the independent effect of residential stability on emergency department use over time: Vancouver, Toronto, and Ottawa, 2009–2013
| ED use at baseline (n = 642) | No ED use at baseline (n = 529) | Unadjusted OR of ED use during FU1–FU4 (95 % CI) | Adjusted OR of ED use during FU1–FU4 (95 % CI) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Residential stability (n (%)) | 114 (17.8) | 91 (17.2) | 0.69 (0.59, 0.81) | 0.74 (0.62, 0.88) |
| Age (mean ± SD) | 41.5 ± 10.3 | 43.1 ± 10.8 | 0.98 (0.97, 0.99) | 0.98 (0.97, 0.99) |
| Female (n (%)) | 225 (35.1) | 159 (30.1) | 1.22 (1, 1.5) | 1.04 (0.83, 1.3) |
| Racial/cultural group (n (%)) | ||||
| White | 388 (61.7) | 329 (64.8) | Reference | Reference |
| Black/African-Canadian | 53 (8.4) | 52 (10.2) | 0.74 (0.51, 1.05) | 0.77 (0.53, 1.13) |
| Indigenous | 126 (20.0) | 69 (13.6) | 1.21 (0.94, 1.57) | 1.01 (0.77, 1.32) |
| Other | 62 (9.9) | 58 (11.4) | 1.10 (0.79, 1.53) | 1.03 (0.74,1.44) |
| Ever diagnosed with a mental health problem (n (%)) | 367 (58.4) | 227 (43.2) | 1.61 (1.32, 1.95) | 1.4 (1.14, 1.72) |
| At least 3 chronic health conditions (n (%)) | 385 (60.0) | 198 (37.4) | 1.91 (1.57, 2.31) | 1.92 (1.55, 2.37) |
| Lifetime homeless duration, years (median (IQR)) | 3 (1.1, 7.4) | 3.1 (1.2, 6.4) | 1 (0.99, 1.02) | 0.99 (0.98, 1.01) |
| Problematic substance usea (n (%)) | 296 (46.1) | 139 (26.4) | 1.83 (1.53, 2.19) | 1.54 (1.27, 1.86) |
| Employed in past 12 monthsa, (n (%)) | 250 (38.9) | 217 (41.2) | 1.08 (0.91, 1.29) | 1.17 (0.97, 1.41) |
| Incarceration in past 12 monthsa (n (%)) | 223 (35.0) | 110 (21.0) | 1.58 (1.28, 1.94) | 1.26 (1.01, 1.58) |
| Has a primary care providera (n (%)) | 404 (63.1) | 299 (56.5) | 1.28 (1.07, 1.53) | 1.25 (1.03, 1.52) |
| Time (per year) | 0.88 (0.8, 0.94) | 0.90 (0.84, 0.96) | ||
| City (n (%)) | ||||
| Toronto | 205 (31.9) | 184 (34.8) | Reference | Reference |
| Ottawa | 213 (33.2) | 183 (34.6) | 0.98 (0.77, 1.24) | 0.75 (0.58, 0.97) |
| Vancouver | 224 (34.9) | 162 (30.6) | 1.05 (0.83, 1.34) | 0.78 (0.61, 1.01) |
Note. ED emergency department, OR odds ratio, CI confidence interval, SD standard deviation, IQR interquartile range
aTime-varying variables