Table 2.
BCTs used in each intervention component
| Domain | Findings | Intervention functions | Behaviour Change Techniques |
|---|---|---|---|
| Skills | High rate of errors in condom use [58] | Training | Instruction on how to perform the behaviour; demonstration of the behaviour |
| Knowledge | Men lacked knowledge about condom sizes and types and how they may improve pleasure and comfort (interviews) | Enablement | Problem solving |
| Men had incorrect knowledge about risk of contracting STIs (interviews); knowledge about risk is related to condom use [48] | Education | Information about health consequences; vicarious consequences | |
| Cognitive and interpersonal skills | Communication related to use of condoms [48]; difficulty knowing when to suggest condom use (interviews); fear that partner may be offended [51]; difficulty negotiating if partner is reluctant (interviews) | Education, training, persuasion, enablement | Instruction on how to perform the behaviour; information about social and environmental consequences; information about others’ approval; information about health consequences; verbal persuasion about capability |
| Memory, attention, and decision processes | Being caught in the ‘heat of the moment’ leads to non-condom use (due to high level of arousal and lust, and competing desire for increased pleasure) (interviews) [35] | Enablement, education, training, environmental restructuring | Problem solving; verbal persuasion about capability; information about health consequences; instruction on how to perform the behaviour; information about antecedents; restructuring the physical environment; anticipated regret; mental rehearsal of successful performance |
| Emotion | |||
| Social/professional role and identity | Self-concept and values are related to condom use [43, 51], e.g. fostering/reinforcing being ‘responsible person’, who cares about others’ health, may be a facilitator to condom use | Persuasion | Information about others’ approval |
| Beliefs about capabilities | Literature suggested this may be an important predictor of behaviour [48, 59] | Enablement | Verbal persuasion about capability; mental rehearsal of successful performance |
| Beliefs about consequences | Perceptions that condoms negatively impact on pleasure and intimacy related to non-use (interviews) [3, 60–65] | Persuasion, enablement, education, incentivisation, training, environmental restructuring | Non-specific incentive; restructuring the physical environment; instructions on how to perform the behaviour; behaviour substitution; information about health consequences; focus on past success, distraction; behavioural practice/rehearsal; anticipated regret; information about social and environmental consequences; social incentive |
| Belief that STIs do not have negative consequences for men (interviews) | Education | Information about health consequences | |
| Intentions | Literature suggested this may be an important predictor of behaviour. [48, 66] | The aim of the intervention as a whole was to increase intention. Specific intervention functions and BCTs not identified. | |
| Goals | Goal setting may be an important tool to implement advice in the intervention. [77, 78] | Enablement | Goal setting; action planning; review behaviour goals |
| Environmental context and resources | Intoxication due to alcohol or recreational drugs often prevents condom use (interviews) [31] | Enablement, education, incentivisation | Problem solving; verbal persuasion about capability; information about social and environmental consequences; information about antecedents; anticipated regret; non-specific incentive |
| Social influence | Men generally had a desire for a good reputation for sexual performance, and their partner’s opinions held a lot of importance (interviews) [51] | Persuasion, education, incentivisation | Information about others’ approval; social incentive |