Table 3.
Comparison between control (n = 10) and intervention (n = 10) afterschool programs in energy and macro- and micronutrients for the snacks (includes foods, dips, and beverages) served at baseline and post-assessment
| Control afterschool programs | Intervention afterschool programs | Between-group differences | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Macronutrients and micronutrients (per 100 kcal) | Baseline (spring 2013) | Post-assessment (spring 2014) | Change over time | Baseline (spring 2013) | Post-assessment (spring 2014) | Change overtime | Baseline equivalencya | Intervention effect | Effect sizeb | ||||||
| M | (SD) | M | (SD) | Δ | M | (SD) | M | (SD) | Δ | p Value | Coefficient | (95CI) | Baseline | Post | |
| Total macronutrients/micronutrientsc | |||||||||||||||
| Energy (kcal) | 261.81 | (102.36) | 246.77 | (92.08) | −15.03 | 252.92 | (77.85) | 177.33 | (87.67) | −75.59 | 0.954 | −66.43 | (−114.13, −18.74) | −0.09 | −0.75 |
| Protein (g) | 2.42 | (2.06) | 2.14 | (1.11) | −0.28 | 2.75 | (2.32) | 3.88 | (3.24) | 1.12 | 0.614 | 1.40 | (0.21, 2.59) | 0.16 | 1.56 |
| Total lipid (fat) (g) | 3.60 | (2.55) | 3.51 | (1.89) | −0.08 | 3.96 | (2.64) | 5.57 | (5.56) | 1.61 | 0.547 | 1.68 | (−0.30, 3.65) | 0.14 | 1.09 |
| Saturated (g) | 0.93 | (0.64) | 0.97 | (0.74) | 0.05 | 1.11 | (1.07) | 1.39 | (1.67) | 0.28 | 0.468 | 0.26 | (−0.34, 0.86) | 0.28 | 0.55 |
| Monounsaturated (g) | 1.09 | (0.76) | 1.16 | (0.87) | 0.07 | 1.19 | (1.22) | 1.54 | (1.65) | 0.36 | 0.665 | 0.29 | (−0.37, 0.94) | 0.13 | 0.44 |
| Polyunsaturated (g) | 1.29 | (1.45) | 1.05 | (0.80) | −0.23 | 1.12 | (0.84) | 2.15 | (2.68) | 1.03 | 0.569 | 1.22 | (0.23, 2.22) | −0.11 | 1.37 |
| Trans (g) | 0.03 | (0.05) | 0.03 | (0.08) | 0.00 | 0.04 | (0.09) | 0.07 | (0.14) | 0.03 | 0.831 | 0.03 | (−0.03, 0.09) | 0.07 | 0.46 |
| Cholesterol (mg) | 3.21 | (5.80) | 2.24 | (4.08) | −0.96 | 2.55 | (4.75) | 4.85 | (8.57) | 2.30 | 0.619 | 3.38 | (−0.03, 6.79) | −0.11 | 0.64 |
| Carbohydrate, by difference (g) | 29.32 | (13.75) | 22.71 | (10.85) | −6.61 | 29.77 | (14.54) | 23.26 | (7.26) | −6.50 | 0.841 | −0.70 | (−7.05, 5.66) | 0.03 | 0.05 |
| Fiber, total dietary (g) | 1.48 | (1.56) | 1.18 | (1.09) | −0.30 | 1.99 | (2.45) | 3.41 | (2.18) | 1.41 | 0.356 | 1.69 | (0.59, 2.79) | 0.33 | 2.03 |
| Sugars, total (g) | 17.63 | (11.51) | 12.47 | (10.13) | −5.16 | 18.12 | (13.04) | 12.81 | (7.08) | −5.31 | 0.804 | −0.92 | (−6.52, 4.68) | 0.04 | 0.03 |
| Added sugars (g)b | 14.49 | (10.66) | 10.71 | (10.19) | −3.78 | 10.16 | (7.84) | 2.04 | (5.35) | −8.12 | 0.210 | −5.00 | (−9.50, −0.49) | −0.41 | −0.85 |
| Minerals | |||||||||||||||
| Calcium, Ca (mg) | 67.53 | (74.62) | 50.31 | (54.12) | −17.22 | 62.18 | (71.75) | 84.61 | (96.13) | 22.43 | 0.816 | 38.15 | (−2.03, 78.34) | −0.07 | 0.63 |
| Iron, Fe (mg) | 1.44 | (1.54) | 1.50 | (1.47) | 0.06 | 1.20 | (0.91) | 1.17 | (1.30) | −0.03 | 0.466 | −0.16 | (−0.88, 0.55) | −0.15 | −0.22 |
| Magnesium, Mg (mg) | 24.43 | (22.13) | 20.85 | (18.50) | −3.58 | 37.20 | (33.67) | 30.16 | (22.80) | −7.04 | 0.120 | −4.79 | (−17.97, 8.39) | 0.58 | 0.50 |
| Phosphorus, P (mg) | 60.67 | (51.04) | 50.23 | (33.20) | −10.44 | 55.96 | (51.38) | 95.69 | (87.78) | 39.73 | 0.710 | 49.04 | (17.82, 80.26) | −0.09 | 1.37 |
| Potassium, K (mg) | 200.60 | (229.48) | 150.71 | (140.93) | −49.89 | 239.20 | (384.98) | 397.52 | (326.21) | 158.33 | 0.621 | 201.84 | (38.80, 364.88) | 0.17 | 1.75 |
| Sodium, Na (mg) | 247.34 | (471.23) | 143.21 | (82.18) | −104.13 | 489.98 | (955.96) | 402.16 | (745.60) | −87.82 | 0.215 | 11.99 | (−363.00, 386.98) | 0.51 | 3.15 |
| Zinc, Zn (mg) | 0.68 | (0.73) | 0.82 | (1.02) | 0.14 | 0.48 | (0.44) | 0.70 | (0.81) | 0.22 | 0.238 | 0.05 | (−0.38, 0.47) | −0.26 | −0.12 |
| Vitamins | |||||||||||||||
| Vitamin C, total ascorbic acid (mg) | 15.15 | (22.36) | 14.67 | (24.04) | −0.49 | 15.07 | (20.73) | 17.38 | (18.34) | 2.31 | 0.974 | 1.77 | (−10.00, 13.54) | 0.00 | 0.11 |
| Thiamin (mg) | 0.14 | (0.14) | 0.12 | (0.11) | −0.02 | 0.10 | (0.07) | 0.12 | (0.07) | 0.01 | 0.292 | 0.03 | (−0.03, 0.08) | −0.24 | 0.00 |
| Riboflavin (mg) | 0.17 | (0.14) | 0.14 | (0.14) | −0.03 | 0.10 | (0.07) | 0.15 | (0.15) | 0.05 | 0.049 | 0.07 | (0.00, 0.14) | −0.46 | 0.10 |
| Niacin (mg) | 1.86 | (1.72) | 1.71 | (1.61) | −0.15 | 1.72 | (1.62) | 1.80 | (2.07) | 0.07 | 0.782 | 0.19 | (−0.79, 1.17) | −0.08 | 0.06 |
| Vitamin B6 (mg) | 0.18 | (0.20) | 0.17 | (0.19) | −0.02 | 0.19 | (0.25) | 0.25 | (0.21) | 0.05 | 0.865 | 0.06 | (−0.06, 0.18) | 0.05 | 0.41 |
| Folate, DFE (μg) | 41.99 | (59.57) | 68.40 | (107.73) | 26.40 | 38.11 | (34.51) | 46.27 | (48.96) | 8.15 | 0.729 | −20.02 | (−58.10, 18.06) | −0.07 | −0.21 |
| Vitamin B12 (μg) | 1.62 | (6.83) | 0.23 | (0.41) | −1.39 | 0.14 | (0.24) | 0.19 | (0.42) | 0.05 | 0.167 | 1.43 | (−0.44, 3.30) | −0.22 | −0.11 |
| Vitamin A, RAE | 73.05 | (125.39) | 100.21 | (239.93) | 27.16 | 39.71 | (45.11) | 150.08 | (247.38) | 110.38 | 0.146 | 78.73 | (−28.36, 185.82) | −0.27 | 0.21 |
| Vitamin A, IU | 722.95 | (2279.35) | 1325.50 | (4347.71) | 602.56 | 410.06 | (806.72) | 2401.64 | (4609.82) | 1991.57 | 0.408 | 1324.09 | (−650.30, 3298.49) | −0.14 | 0.25 |
| Vitamin E (alpha-tocopherol) (IU) | 0.63 | (1.00) | 0.45 | (0.69) | −0.18 | 0.99 | (1.81) | 1.16 | (1.76) | 0.17 | 0.320 | 0.32 | (−0.50, 1.14) | 0.36 | 1.02 |
| Vitamin D (D2 + D3) (IU) | 0.22 | (0.40) | 0.19 | (0.37) | −0.03 | 0.10 | (0.21) | 0.08 | (0.28) | −0.02 | 0.107 | 0.00 | (−0.18, 0.19) | −0.29 | −0.29 |
| Vitamin D (IU) | 8.82 | (16.16) | 7.58 | 1 | −1.23 | 4.12 | (8.40) | 3.54 | (11.24) | −0.58 | 0.099 | 0.49 | (−6.80, 7.78) | −0.29 | −0.27 |
| Vitamin K (phylloquinone) (μg) | 6.29 | (23.97) | 2.07 | (3.44) | −4.21 | 3.63 | (6.22) | 21.08 | (33.43) | 17.45 | 0.492 | 21.52 | (8.68, 34.36) | −0.11 | 5.52 |
| Other | |||||||||||||||
| Caffeine (mg) | 0.07 | (0.25) | 0.07 | (0.18) | −0.01 | 0.04 | (0.18) | 0.02 | (0.18) | −0.02 | 0.523 | −0.01 | (−0.12, 0.10) | −0.12 | −0.24 |
aBaseline equivalency test between intervention and control programs
bEffect size (mean standardized difference, Cohen’s d) at baseline with intervention minus control using the control group’s standard deviation at baseline and at post-assessment with intervention minus control using the control group’s standard deviation at post-assessment
cTotal macro/micronutrients represent average daily values for foods, dips, and beverages. Values represent average amounts given some days programs might serve only a food item, and others serve a food and dip or food, dip and beverage
dMinus fruit, vegetable, and unsweetened dairy food sugars