Table 2.
Non-motor outcomes of studies.
| Reference | Outcome | Change | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cholewa et al. (20) | – UPDRS I | Physio = −0.45 points, control = 0.1 points | 0.001 |
| Cugusi et al. (25) | – NMSS | NW = −23.2 points, control = 1 point | <0.05 |
| – Fatigue (PFS-16) | NW = −11.7 points, control = 0.6 point | <0.05 | |
| – Depression (BDI-II) | NW = −5.2 points, control = 0.4 point | <0.005 | |
| – Apathy (SAS) | NW = −6.3 points, control = 1 point | <0.0005 | |
| Duncan and Earhart (21) | – MDS-UPDRS I | Tango = −1.62 points, control = 0.42 | NS |
| Modugno et al. (32) | – UPDRS-1 | Theater = −0.8 points, control = 0.3 points | <0.05 |
| – Depression (HDRS) | Theater = −12.3 points, control = 0.9 points | <0.001 | |
| – Daytime sleepiness (ESS) | Theater = −7 points, control = −0.3 points | <0.001 | |
| Miyai et al. (33) | – UPDRS-1 | BWSTT = −0.5 points, control = −0.2 points | NS |
| Nadeau et al. (19) | – MDS-UPDRS I | Control = −0.7 points, speed TT = −0.4 points, mixed TT = −0.5 points | 0.93 |
| – Depression (BDI-II) | Control = −0.6 points, speed TT = −5.8 points, mixed TT = −1.2 points | 0.09 | |
| – Cognition (MMSE) | Control = −0.1 points, speed TT = 0.7 points, mixed TT = −0.2 points | 0.12 | |
| Bridgewater and Sharpe (30) | – Depression (LPDQ) | Exercise = non-depressed both pre and post intervention, control = non-depressed both pre and post intervention | NS |
| Burini et al. (35) | – Depression (BDI) | Group AT1-GQ2: AT = 1 point, GQ = −1 point | NS |
| Group GQ1-AT2: AT = 3 points, GQ = −4 points | |||
| Clarke et al. (26) | – Anxiety (HADS) | OT = 1.44 points | N/A# |
| – Depression (HADS) | OT = −1.42 points | N/A# | |
| David et al. (29) | – Cognition (digit span forwards and backwards) | mFC = 0.7 points, PRET = 0.5 points | 0.27 |
| – Cognition (Stroop test) | mFC = 0.3 points, PRET = 0.2 points | 0.77 | |
| – Cognition (BTA) | mFC = 0.1 points, PRET = 0.3 points | 0.83 | |
| King et al. (34) | – Apathy (LARS) | Home = −0.41 points, individual = −2.24 points, group = −0.25 points | 0.377 |
| Nocera et al. (27) | – Cognition (digit span backward subtest) | TC = 0.5 points, control = −0.7 points | 0.08 |
| – Cognition (letter verbal fluency) | TC = 2.4 points, control = −1.3 points | 0.39 | |
| – Cognition (categorical verbal fluency) | TC = 1.9 points, control = −0.5 points | 0.64 | |
| – Cognition (Stroop test score) | TC = 3.8 points, control = 0.8 points | 0.75 | |
| – Cognition (Trail Marking A) | TC = −11.5 s, control = −0.2 s | 0.24 | |
| – Cognition (Trail Marking B) | TC = −15.4 s, control = −7.8 s | 0.52 | |
| Park et al. (23) | – Depression (BDI) | ESG = −2.67 points, DSG = −1.6 points | 0.04 |
| Pohl et al. (17) | – Cognition (text recall test) | RGR = 3.5 points, control = 2.3 points | 0.63 |
| – Cognition (symbol digit modification) | RGR = 1.5 points, control = 3.5 points | 0.18 | |
| – Cognition (Clox and Cube) | RGR = 0 points, control = −0.5 points | 0.21 | |
| – Cognition (Naming 30 items) | RGR = 0.5 points, control = 1 point | 1 | |
| – Cognition (Stroop test time) | RGR = −2 s, control = −0.5 s | 0.54 | |
| – Cognition (PaSMO) | RGR = −6.5 s, control = −22 s | 0.13 | |
| Rios Romenets et al. (22) | – Cognition (MoCA) | Total: tango = 0.4 points, control = −0.6 points | 0.080 |
| Visuospatial/executive function: tango = 0.1 points, control = −0.2 points | 0.362 | ||
| Attention: tango = 0.2 points, control = 0 points | 0.419 | ||
| Delayed recall: tango = 0.3 points, control = −0.2 points | 0.223 | ||
| – Depression (BDI) | Tango = −0.2 points, control = −0.4 points | 0.770 | |
| – Fatigue (KFSS) | Tango = −3.5 points, control = 2.6 points | 0.057 | |
| – Apathy (AS) | Tango = 2.4 points, control = 2.6 points | 0.904 | |
| Shulman et al. (28) | – Depression (BDI) | HIT = 1.43 points, LIT = −0.68 points, S–R = 0.68 points | NS# |
| – Fatigue (PFS-16) | HIT = 0.52 points, LIT = 1.73 points, S–R = 0.55 points | NS# | |
| Sturkenboom et al. (18) | – Fatigue (FSS) | OT = 0.1 points, control = 0 points | 0.846 |
| – Mood (BDI) | OT = −1 point, control = −1 point | 0.318 | |
| Teixeira-Machado et al. (36) | – Depression (BDI) | Depression scores improved for the Feldenkrais group and decreased for the control group | 0.05 |
| – Cognition (MMSE) | FG = 2.1 points, control = −1.18 points | 0.0007 | |
| Winward et al. (31) | – Fatigue (FSS) | Gym exercise program = −0.4 points, control = −0.36 points | NS |
| Xiao and Zhuang (24) | – Sleep (PDSS-2) | Total: BQ = −13.72 points, walking = −2.04 points | 0.045 |
| Motor symptoms at night: BQ = −5.59 points, walking = −0.75 points | 0.049 | ||
| PD symptoms at night: BQ = −3.28 points, walking = −0.26 points | 0.037 | ||
| Disturbed sleep: BQ = −3.76 points, walking = −0.35 points | 0.045 | ||
| – Fatigue (PFS-16) | BQ = −0.31 points, control = −1.08 points | 0.526 |
Instrument abbreviations: UPDRS, Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale; BDI, Beck Depression Inventory; MMSE, Mini Mental State Examination; HDRS, Hamilton Depression Rating Scale; ESS, Epworth Sleepiness Scale; NMSS, Non-Motor Symptom Scale; PFS-16, Parkinson’s Fatigue Scale-16 Questions; SAS, Starkstein Apathy Scale; PDSS-2, Parkinson’s Disease Sleep Scale Version 2; MoCA, Montreal Cognitive Assessment; KFSS, Krupp’s Fatigue Severity Scale; AS, Apathy Scale; LARS, Lille Apathy Rating Scale; PaSMO, Parallele serial mental operations; FSS, Fatigue Severity Scale; HADS, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale; BTA, Brief Test of Attention.
Significant values are in bold.
#Marks intra group P-value; NS, non-significant; N/A, not available.
Negative score indicates improvement: UPDRS-1, BDI, HDRS, ESS, PFS-16, SAS, PDSS-2, KFSS, AS, LARS, PaSMO, FSS HADS, Stroop test time, and trail making.
Positive score indicates improvement: MMSE, NMSS, MoCA, BTA, digit span, Stroop test score, letter verbal fluency, categorical verbal fluency, text recall, symbol digit modification, Clox and Cube, and naming 30 items.