Table 5.

Cetacean trace element liver concentrations (µg/g, wet mass) by region. Single values indicate single animals sampled, ranges indicate multiple.

Species		Region or Coast	Cr	Mn	Cu	Zn	As	Se	Sr	Cd	Sn	Hg	Pb	Hg:Se
Blainville's beaked whale		This study	0.20	4.34	6.84	70.14	0.16	4.05	0.08	19.06	0.03	9.81	0.02	0.95
		UK1, 2	0.63	-	5.6	41	98	2.5	-	6.2	-	248	0.05	1.0
Bottlenose dolphin		This study	0.29–3.86	2.32–5.80	3.93–10.32	39.34–102.65	0.22–2.11	1.65–34.22	0.12–0.20	0.005–12.61	0.005–0.023	1.53–89.44	0.004–0.01	0.12–1.03
		Mediterranean3–13	0.02–0.36	1.3–6.5	0.7–80.7	8.5–154.8	-	-	-	< DL-1.2	-	0.5–3940	< DL-3.6	-
		Atlantic14–21	< DL-0.1	2.0–3.7	0.1–79.0	11.5–271.1	< DL-1.6	0.2–207.6	-	< DL-20	< DL-2.9	< DL-421.2	< DL-3.1	0.3–1.4
		Japan and China22–23	< DL-53.3	-	2.5–23.4	16.2–89.0	0.5–6.9	0.1–12.2	-	0.3–16.4	2.1–12.2	< DL-90	< DL-1.6	2.9
		Australia24–26	1.0–1.2	-	4.9–85	26.2–144	0.2–0.8	< DL-253.4	-	< DL-20	-	0.1–771.9	0.04–1.0	0.2–1.2
		India27	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	0.1–0.5	-	-	-
Cuvier's beaked whale		This study	1.50	2.01	7.35	45.89	3.71	3.02	0.50	37.51	0.04	5.85–10.77	0.02	0.76
		Mediterranean3, 28, 29	0.08–0.12	0.98	0.8–1.8	11.7–16.3	-	110.6	-	2.7–18.5	-	259–1419	0.28–0.84	0.9
		Argentina30	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	< DL	-	0.1	-	-
Dwarf sperm whale		This study	0.28–1.82	1.26–17.31	3.26–4.34	24.19–53.05	0.66–1.59	9.09–12.83	0.42–2.77	22.70–27.35	0.09–0.42	9.25–22.00	0.03–0.10	0.40–0.67
		Japan22	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	0.9	-	-	-
False killer whale		This study	0.28	3.11	12.23	32.65	1.81	633.06	0.06	58.93	1.16	1571.75	0.20	0.98
		Brazil15	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	0.3	-	-	-
		Pacific, Canada31, 32	-	6.6	15	154	< DL	153	-	1.1	-	728–1614	< DL	1.9
		Australia24	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	0.05–75.8	-	41–479	0.05–0.5	-
Humpback whale		This study	0.68	1.40	156.13	112.52	0.028	0.92	0.12	0.003	0.009	0.006–0.023	0.01	0.003
		Australia33	-	-	9–141	35–102	-	1.68–2.25	-	-	-	-	-	-
Killer whale		This study	0.34	1.82	5.16	41.39	0.04	105.81	0.18	0.72	0.05	263.76	0.003	0.98
		Atlantic1, 34	0.8	5.5	8.3–28.8	48.0–986.3	0.6	26.6–31.0	-	1.8–3.7	-	88.0–120.7	< DL	1.1
		Japan22, 35–37	-	1.4–3.6	6.0–16.3	59.8–93.5	0.3–0.4	1.2–32.9	-	< DL-11.5	1.6–1.9	0.3–97.8	-	0.1–1.2
		Pacific, Canada32	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	1272	-	-
		Australia24	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	< DL	-	1.5	-	-
Longman's beaked whale		This study	0.16	2.63	3.53	61.54	0.27	0.85	0.07	0.02	0.01	1.33	0.004	0.61
Melon-headed whale		This study	0.12–0.20	1.42–2.15	3.52–4.12	22.84–32.01	1.18–1.35	1.23–86.74	0.01–0.14	0.005–12.18	0.01–0.12	1.82–277.98	0.014–0.034	0.58–0.93
		Japan35, 38	-	-	-	37.1	1.1–5.8	-	-	12.6	-	147.9	-	-
		Australia26	0.2–0.4	-	2.1–4.9	22–47	0.3–0.8	6.2–58	-	8.0–21	-	13–141	< DL-0.1	0.7–1.0
Pantropical spotted dolphin		This study	0.06–1.32	0.59–3.78	6.75–43.89	25.99–66.11	1.21–1.38	2.18–37.09	0.04–0.17	0.003–2.42	0.006–0.01	0.61–95.21	0.007–0.008	0.11–1.01
		Brazil15	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	< DL-0.2	-	-	-
		Pacific39, 40	-	-	-	-	-	0.8–4.2	-	-	-	0.1–12.0	-	-
		Australia24	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	5.8–30.6	< DL	-
Pygmy killer whale		This study	0.20	2.49	1.90	14.72	0.21	58.84	0.12	1.40	0.05	142.28	0.01	0.95
		Brazil34	-	3.3	6.0	75.1	-	72.3	-	0.9	-	297.8	-	-
Pygmy sperm whale		This study	2.61	2.40	5.12	27.78	3.49	3.12	0.51	6.00	0.04	1.61	0.02	0.20
		Atlantic2, 41–44	0.6–4.1	0.8–4.1	2.1–144.4	10.1–163.2	0.2	2.0–21.6	-	0.2–7.6	-	0.4–56.9	0.1	0.01–1.0
		S. Pacific24, 45	< DL	1.1–1.2	1.9–4.1	16.9–18	-	4.5–5.7	-	6.3–14.3	-	1.7–17.2	0.1	-
Rough-toothed dolphin		This study	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	224.84	-	-
		Atlantic15, 19, 46	-	2.8–5.1	3.6–14.6	32–116	0.3–0.6	2.9–133.3	-	0.01–1.0	< DL-7.3	3.4–496.2	-	-
		Japan22	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	0.1–0.8	-	-	-
Sperm whale		This study	0.24	1.31	13.68	245.38	0.26	0.85	0.08	0.01	0.01	1.89	0.01	0.88
		Mediterranean3, 4, 47	0.1–0.3	0.5–0.8	0.4–6.0	9.6–48.6	-	6.0–31.7	-	0.1–1.5	-	0.004–119	< DL	0.9–1.4
		North Sea48–52	< DL-0.8	-	1.6–30.6	2.1–37.5	0.7	1.7–12.9	-	15.6–52.5	-	3.2–39.6	< DL-1.0	1.2
		Mexico53	-	2.9	48.6	107	-	-	-	7.7	-	-	4.2	-
		Australia24	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	1.2–11.2	-	1.3–34.0	< DL-0.6	-
Spinner dolphin		This study	0.08–1.61	2.04–4.66	2.77–29.60	29.72–98.52	0.21–2.39	0.88–14.36	0.08–0.58	0.003–7.35	0.005–0.03	0.52–39.27	0.002–0.01	0.09–0.97
		Brazil15	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	< DL-0.3	-	-	-
		Mexico54, 55	-	-	-	-	-	1.0–2.4	-	-	0.05–0.4	0.8–1.8	-	-
		W. Pacific22, 40	-	3.3	5.8	33.6	-	-	-	7.3	-	20.1–105	1.0	-
Striped dolphin		This study	0.05–0.86	2.40–4.68	4.67–19.64	23.83–76.62	0.19–2.22	2.16–76.27	0.06–0.17	0.007–25.64	0.01–0.49	3.20–198.18	0.004–0.025	0.57–0.98
		Mediterranean4–7, 12, 56–66	0.02–0.8	0.03–5.9	1.1–39.2	8.1–133.2	-	1.9–331.5	-	< DL-9.0	0.3–4.2	0.8–1320	< DL-5.4	0.47–1.27
		Atlantic2, 15, 17, 18, 62, 67–71	< DL-0.7	3.7	2.1–81.6	9.9–116	0.4–0.7	56.0–57.0	0.1	0.1–29.7	0.4	0.9–317	< DL-1.6	0.01–1.0
		Japan72–74	0.2	2.6	10.1	38.7	-	42.0	0.6	5.1	-	1.7–485	0.02	1.2
		Baltic Sea75	< DL	2.2	3.4–3.6	29.1–37.5	< DL	1.3–1.4	0.03–0.05	0.8–1.2	-	4.1–5.6	< DL	-

< DL=Below the detection limit

^aMeasurements converted from dry mass to wet mass assuming 70% moisture (Yang and Miyazaki 2003), indicated in the list of references.

¹Law et al. (1997a),

²Law et al. (2001),

³Augier et al. (1998)^a,

⁴Bellante et al. (2009)^a,

⁵Bellante et al. (2012)^a,

⁶Frodello et al. (2000)^a,

⁷Frodello and Marchand (2001)^a,

⁸Frodello et al. (2002a)^a,

⁹Leonzio et al. (1992),

¹⁰Roditi-Elasar et al. (2003),

¹¹Shoham-Frider et al. (2009),

¹²Storelli and Marcotrigiano (2002),

¹³Viale (1994),

¹⁴Beck et al. (1997),

¹⁵Dorneles et al. (2008),

¹⁶Geraci (1989),

¹⁷Holsbeek et al. (1998)^a,

¹⁸Law et al. (1992),

¹⁹Lemos et al. (2013),

²⁰Meador et al. (1999)^a,

²¹Wood and Van Vleet (1996)^a,

²²Hai Le et al. (1999)^a,

²³Parsons and Chan (2001)^a,

²⁴Kemper et al. (1994),

²⁵Lavery et al. (2008)^a,

²⁶Law et al. (2003),

²⁷Lee and Mok (1995),

²⁸Frodello et al. (2002b)^a,

²⁹Storelli et al. (1999),

³⁰Marcovecchio et al. (1992),

³¹Baird et al. (1989),

³²Langelier et al. (1990),

³³Holyoake et al. (2012)^a,

³⁴Lemos et al. (2013),

³⁵Kubota et al. (2001),

³⁶Endo et al. (2006),

³⁷Endo et al. (2007),

³⁸Hirata et al. (2010),

³⁹Andre et al. (1991b),

⁴⁰Chen et al. (2002),

⁴¹Bryan et al. (2012),

⁴²Marcovecchio et al. (1990),

⁴³Odell and Asper (1976),

⁴⁴Henry and Best (1999),

⁴⁵Bustamante et al. (2003)^a,

⁴⁶Mackey etal. (2003),

⁴⁷Mazzariol et al. (2011),

⁴⁸Bouquegneau et al. (1997)^a,

⁴⁹Holsbeek et al. (1999)^a,

⁵⁰Joiris et al. (1997),

⁵¹Law (1996),

⁵²Law et al. (1997b),

⁵³Ruelas-Inzunza and Páez-Osuna (2002)^a,

⁵⁴Ruelas et al. (2000)^a,

⁵⁵Ruelas and Paez-Osuna (2002)^a,

⁵⁶Augier et al. (1993),

⁵⁷Augier et al. (2001)^a,

⁵⁸Capelli et al. (2000)^a,

⁵⁹Cardellicchio et al. (2000)^a,

⁶⁰Cardellicchio et al. (2002a)^a,

⁶¹Cardellicchio et al. (2002b)^a,

⁶²Lahaye et al. (2006)^a,

⁶³Monaci et al. (1998)^a,

⁶⁴Roditi-Elasar et al. (2003),

⁶⁵Storelli and Marcotrigiano (2002),

⁶⁶Viale (1994),

⁶⁷Andre et al. (1991a),

⁶⁸Das et al. (2000)^a,

⁶⁹Das et al. (2003a)^a,

⁷⁰Kunito et al. (2004)^a,

⁷¹Law et al. (1991),

⁷²Agusa et al. (2008)^a,

⁷³Honda et al. (1983),

⁷⁴Itano et al. (1984),

⁷⁵Ciesielski et al. (2006).