Table 4.
Results of multiple logistic regressions: regression coefficients, Wald statistics, ORs with 95% CIs for predictors of episodes of PTSD and MD
| Episode of PTSD during 2 years | Episode of MD during 2 years | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| B (s.e.) | Wald | p | OR (95% CI) | B (s.e.) | Wald | p | OR (95% CI) | |
| Block 1: psychiatric history and trauma exposure only | ||||||||
| History of mental disorders | 1.81 (0.45) | 16.23 | 0.001 | 6.09 (2.53–14.67) | 1.54 (0.38) | 16.50 | 0.001 | 4.66 (2.22–9.79) |
| Lifetime trauma exposure at baselinea | 0.04 (0.33) | 0.02 | 0.90 | 1.04 (0.54–2.0) | 0.34 (0.30) | 1.31 | 0.25 | 1.40 (0.79–2.50) |
| Trauma exposure during 2-year follow-up | 0.02 (0.02) | 0.50 | 0.48 | 1.02 (0.97–1.06) | 0.04 (0.02) | 3.70 | <0.05 | 1.04 (0.99–1.01) |
| Block 2: all predictors | ||||||||
| Psychiatric history and trauma exposure | ||||||||
| History of mental disorders | 1.27 (0.50) | 6.48 | 0.01 | 3.55 (1.34–9.39) | 0.84 (0.44) | 3.63 | 0.06 | 2.31 (0.98–5.44) |
| Lifetime trauma exposure at baselinea | −0.05 (0.38) | 0.02 | 0.89 | 0.95 (0.45–1.99) | 0.50 (0.34) | 2.25 | 0.13 | 1.65 (0.86–3.19) |
| Trauma exposure during 2-year follow-up | 0.01 (0.03) | 0.26 | 0.61 | 1.01 (0.96–1.07) | 0.05 (0.02) | 4.42 | 0.04 | 1.05 (1.00–1.10) |
| Psychological traits | ||||||||
| Dissociation | 0.02 (0.04) | 0.15 | 0.70 | 1.02 (0.94–1.10) | 0.02 (0.04) | 0.38 | 0.54 | 1.02 (0.95–1.10) |
| Neuroticism | 0.12 (0.09) | 1.76 | 0.19 | 1.12 (0.95–1.33) | 0.12 (0.08) | 2.43 | 0.12 | 1.13 (0.97–1.32) |
| Cognitive risk factors | ||||||||
| Perceived resilience to stress | −0.21 (0.02) | 0.79 | 0.36 | 0.98 (0.93–1.03) | −0.04 (0.02) | 3.80 | <0.05 | 0.96 (0.92–1.00) |
| Depressive attributions | −0.07 (0.04) | 2.86 | 0.09 | 0.93 (0.86–1.01) | −0.07 (0.04) | 2.96 | 0.09 | 0.94 (0.87–1.01) |
| Maladaptive post-traumatic cognitionsa | −0.01 (0.15) | 0.01 | 0.92 | 0.99 (0.73–1.33) | −0.08 (0.14) | 0.28 | 0.58 | 0.93 (0.70–1.23) |
| Cognitive responses to stressful memories | ||||||||
| Suppression | 0.08 (0.07) | 1.50 | 0.22 | 1.08 (0.95–1.23) | −0.01 (0.06) | 0.05 | 0.82 | 0.99 (0.88–1.11) |
| Rumination | 0.11 (0.05) | 4.17 | 0.04 | 1.11 (1.00–1.23) | 0.09 (0.05) | 3.09 | 0.08 | 1.09 (0.00–1.19) |
| Intentional numbing | −0.52 (0.09) | 0.31 | 0.58 | 0.95 (0.79–1.14) | −0.05 (0.09) | 0.24 | 0.63 | 0.96 (0.80–1.15) |
| Styles of coping with stress | ||||||||
| Behavioural disengagement | 0.33 (0.23) | 2.03 | 0.15 | 1.38 (0.89–2.16) | 0.15 (0.21) | 0.48 | 0.49 | 1.16 (0.77–1.74) |
| Wishful thinking | −0.09 (0.12) | 0.66 | 0.42 | 0.91 (0.73–1.14) | 0.17 (0.11) | 2.42 | 0.12 | 1.18 (0.96–1.47) |
| Social support | ||||||||
| Social support – general | −0.04 (0.04) | 1.34 | 0.25 | 0.96 (0.89–1.03) | −0.04 (0.04) | 1.08 | 0.30 | 0.96 (0.89–1.04) |
| Social support – work | −0.03 (0.04) | 0.41 | 0.52 | 0.97 (0.88–1.07) | −0.03 (0.05) | 0.57 | 0.45 | 0.97 (0.88–1.06) |
OR, Odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; PTSD, post-traumatic stress disorder; MD, major depression; s.e., standard error.
a
Variable was square-root transformed.