Table 4.
Parameter estimates and 99 % CI of dietary and weight-related outcomes associated with frequently (at least once per week) patronizing various store types, NEWPATH study, Region of Waterloo, Ontario, Canada, 2009/2010
| Adjusted estimates* | |||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Diet quality (HEI-C) (n 1330) | FV frequency† (n 2596) | Mean energy (kcal) (n 1346) | Mean sodium (mg) (n 1346) | Mean saturated fat (g) (n 1346) | BMI† (kg/m2) (n 3887) | WC (cm) (n 3939) | |||||||||||||||
| Variable | β | 99 % CI | P value | β | 99 % CI | P value | β | 99 % CI | P value | β | 99 % CI | P value | β | 99 % CI | P value | β | 99 % CI | P value | β | 99 % CI | P value |
| Supermarket | 1·1 | −1·5, 3·7 | 0·2665 | 0·6 | 0·03, 1·2 | 0·0069 | 86·8 | −219·6, 393·2 | 0·4655 | 189·3 | −466·5, 845·0 | 0·4573 | −14·0 | −51·1, 23·0 | 0·3290 | −0·20 | −1·29, 0·88 | 0·6314 | −0·16 | −3·00, 2·66 | 0·8776 |
| Convenience store | −3·4 | −6·9, 0·2 | 0·0151 | −0·6 | −1·1, −0·02 | 0·0072 | 139·8 | −209·7, 489·2 | 0·3030 | −324·7 | −2313·1, 1663·6 | 0·6740 | −1·7 | −11·8, 8·4 | 0·6603 | 0·72 | −0·37, 1·81 | 0·0877 | 1·61 | −1·21, 4·42 | 0·1417 |
| Supercentre | −1·9 | −4·7, 0·9 | 0·0788 | −0·2 | −0·7, 0·2 | 0·1632 | −133·6 | −431·3, 164·1 | 0·2478 | −714·8 | −2272·9, 843·2 | 0·2373 | −4·1 | −13·0, 4·8 | 0·2368 | 0·89 | −0·02, 1·80 | 0·0116 | 1·78 | −0·56, 4·12 | 0·0496 |
| Specialty store | 2·3 | −0·1, 4·6 | 0·0142 | 1·3 | 0·6, 1·9 | <0·0001 | −10·8 | −261·1, 239·5 | 0·9116 | −422·5 | −1885·7, 1040·8 | 0·4570 | −3·3 | −9·8, 3·2 | 0·1987 | −2·08 | −3·04, −1·13 | <0·0001 | −4·79 | −7·04, −2·54 | <0·0001 |
| Farmers’ market | 1·3 | −1·3, 3·9 | 0·2041 | 0·9 | 0·3, 1·6 | 0·0003 | 76·8 | −175·5, 329·2 | 0·4328 | 3724·4 | −5446·1, 12894·8 | 0·2955 | 6·8 | −12·4, 26·0 | 0·3633 | −1·39 | −2·28, −0·51 | <0·0001 | −3·83 | −6·02, −1·63 | <0·0001 |
| Home delivery‡ | −0·9 | −7·3, 5·5 | 0·7159 | −1·3 | −2·3, −0·4 | 0·0003 | 68·9 | −468·7, 606·6 | 0·7412 | 623·8 | −1303·4, 2551·0 | 0·4044 | 7·5 | −9·7, 24·8 | 0·2607 | 2·21 | −0·21, 4·64 | 0·0185 | 5·90 | −0·90, 12·70 | 0·0254 |
| Food bank‡ | −1·5 | −25·4, 22·3 | 0·8686 | −1·6 | −2·9, −0·3 | 0·0017 | −418·3 | −1734·0, 897·5 | 0·4129 | −764·9 | −4105·4, 2575·6 | 0·5553 | −14·4 | −27·8, −1·0 | 0·0057 | −3·05 | −8·96, 2·86 | 0·1835 | −4·30 | −21·47, 12·87 | 0·5190 |
| Food co-op or CSA‡ | 5·3 | 0·3, 10·2 | 0·0062 | 1·6 | 0·1, 3·1 | 0·0055 | 230·1 | −105·0, 565·1 | 0·0769 | −686·9 | −2232·4, 858·7 | 0·2523 | −0·6 | −6·0, 4·9 | 0·7917 | −0·76 | −2·82, 1·31 | 0·3457 | −4·16 | −8·05, −0·27 | 0·0059 |
HEI-C, Healthy Eating Index for Canada; FV, fruit and vegetable; WC, waist circumference; CSA, community-supported agriculture.
All generalized linear models accounted for sex, whether or not participants completed education beyond high school, age, household income and household size. Models examining diet quality, mean energy (kcal), mean sodium and mean saturated fat were based on the sub-sample of participants who completed two-day food records and were weighted by individual-level weights to ensure generalizability of the sample. Analyses examining FV consumption used a household-level weight, since FV consumption was reported at the household level.
FV frequency was a household-level outcome, therefore models were at the household level, so analyses did not cluster based on household.
Because of the small number of people who reported accessing food from the food bank or food co-op at least once per week, the frequency of food purchasing from these two outlets was defined as 0 = less than once per month; 1 = once per month or more.