Table 4.

Endoscopic therapy for radiation proctitis

	Proposed mechanism	Indications
Dilatation	Mechanical	Single institution studies support treatment of stricture, no RCT to date
Bipolar cautery and heater probe	Thermoelectric cauterization	RTC supports treatment of chronic proctitis
Nd:YAG, KTP laser	Coherent wavelength of electromagnetic radiation	Single institution studies support treatment of chronic proctitis, no RCT to date
Radiofrequency ablation	Rapidly alternating radiofrequency waves	Single institution studies support treatment of chronic proctitis, no RCT to date
Argon plasma coagulation	Noncontact electrocoagulation	RTC supports treatment of chronic proctitis, largest amount of data

Nd:YAG: Neodymium/yttrium aluminum garnet argon; KTP: Potassium titanyl phosphate; RCT: Randomized controlled trial.