Table 2.
Study Characteristics of Resting-State fMRI Studies Into AH
| Study | EO/EC | Scan Length (min) | RS Instructions | Presence of AH Asked? |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Alonso-Solis et al26 | EC | 6 | Pts instructed to close eyes and remain awake | Not reported |
| Chyzhyk et al60 | EO | 10 | Stay awake, keep eyes open, and think of nothing in particular | Yes for some participants |
| Clos et al59 | EC | 6 | Lie in the scanner as still as possible with their eyes closed yet stay awake | Yes |
| Diederen et al62 | EC | 6 | Pts kept eyes closed but stayed awake | Yes |
| Gavrilescu et al68 | EC | 5 | Relax with eyes closed | Yes |
| Jardri et al64 | EC | 15 | Pts kept still in a state of wakeful rest with eyes closed | Yes |
| Manoliu et al58 | EC | 10 | Eyes closed and not to fall asleep | Pts asked about any “feelings of odd situations” during scan. |
| Oertel-Knochel et al67 | EO | 6.7 | Lie still, do not engage in any speech, think nothing specially and look at white fixation cross | Yes |
| Rotarska-Jagiela et al28 | EO | 6.7 | Lie still with eyes open fixating on a white cross presented in the center of visual field. | Not reported |
| Shinn et al65 | EO | 10 | Stay awake, keep eyes open, and think of nothing in particular | Yes for some participants |
| Sommer et al70 | EC | 6 | Pts instructed to lie in scanner as still as possible with eyes closed yet stay awake | Yes |
| Sorg et al112 | EC | 10 | Keep eyes closed and not to fall asleep. | Pts asked about any “feelings of odd situations” during scan. |
| Van Lutterveld et al63 | EC | 6 | Pts kept eyes closed but stayed awake | Yes |
| Vercammen et al66 | EC | 7.8 | Close eyes and try to “clear your mind” but not fall asleep. | No |
| Wolf et al61 | EC | 6 | Relax without falling asleep, keep eyes closed, not think about anything in particular, and move as little as possible | Yes |
Note: AH, auditory hallucinations; EC, eyes closed; EO, eyes open; Pts, participants. Hoffman et al69 extracted intermittent resting data from a symptom capture paradigm involving button pressing, and so is not included here.