Table 1.

Factors that might have impact on postoperative complications

Factors that cannot be changed	Possible association with increased risk postoperative complications
Age	>70 years [1–3]
Gender	Male [1–3]
ASA classification	Grade 3 or 4 [1–3]
Urgency operation	Emergency surgery [1–3]
Type of resection	Rectal excision [1–3]
Stage of cancer	Stage IV [1–3]
Obesity	BMI >25 [1–3]
Changeable factors
Preoperative mechanical bowel preparation
Experience of surgeon/specialized
Laparoscopic or open procedure
Technique anastomose
Intra-operative leak testing
Protective stoma
Pelvic drain
Operating time, operative strategy
Prophylactic antibiotics
Thrombose prophylactic
Postoperative analgesia (NSAID, opioids)
Fast track recovery protocols
Biomarkers for early diagnosis of complication