Table 1.
Lipophilic components from Salvia miltiorrhiza that modify ROS-related effects on cancer cells.
| Components [reference] | Cancer cells | Effects |
|---|---|---|
| Tanshinones [16] | Lung cancer 95D cells | Induces apoptosis and prosurvival autophagy mediated by increasing the formation of intracellular ROS |
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| Tanshinone I [17] | Prostate cancer cells | Enhances TRAIL via upregulation of miR-135a-3p-mediated death receptor 5 |
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| Tanshinone I [18] | Human breast cancer MDA-MB-453 cells | Induces antiproliferative activity and cell cycle arrest by inhibiting the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathways |
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| Tanshinone I [19] | Leukemia U937 THP-1 and SHI 1 cells | Induces apoptosis by activating caspase-3 and decreasing hTERT mRNA expression and telomerase activity, as well as downregulating survivin expression |
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| Tanshinone IIA [20] | Prostate cancer cells | Induces apoptosis and autophagy that depends on intracellular ROS production |
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| Tanshinone IIA [21] | Gastric cancer cells | Suppresses cell growth by blocking glucose metabolism |
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| Tanshinone IIA [22] | Human non-small cell lung cancer A549 cells | Decreases VEGF/VEGFR2 expression and induces apoptosis and cell cycle arrest at the S phase |
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| Tanshinone IIA [23] | Human oral cancer KB cells | Induces apoptosis through the mitochondria-dependent pathway in which there is a loss of the mitochondrial membrane potential and activation of caspase-3 and caspase-9 |
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| Tanshinone IIA [24] | Human colon cancer cells | UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A compromises the intracellular accumulation and resultant apoptotic effect of tanshinone IIA |
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| Tanshinone IIA [25] | Cervical cancer CaSki cells | Inhibits cell growth by activating ER stress pathways and promoting caspase cascades with concomitant upregulation of p38 and JNK phosphorylation and signaling |
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| Tanshinone IIA [26] | Human hepatoma J5 cells | Increases Bax and caspase-3 and decreases CD31 expression |
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| Tanshinone IIA [27] | Non-small cell lung cancer H596 cells | Activates ROS-triggered, p53-independent, and caspase-dependent mitochondrial apoptotic cell death pathway |
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| Tanshinone IIA [28] | 786-O human renal cell carcinoma cells | Induces apoptosis by activating p53 expression and subsequently upregulating p21 and Bax |
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| Tanshinone IIA [29] | Leukemia U937 cells | Induces apoptosis by activating PXR, which suppresses the activity of NF-κB |
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| Tanshinone IIA [30] | human non-small lung cancer A549 cells | Induces apoptosis by increasing ROS and the ratio of Bax/Bcl-2 and then decreasing the mitochondrial membrane potential, which leads to cytochrome c release |
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| Tanshinone IIA [31] | Small cell lung cancer H146 cells | Inhibits cell growth by upregulating the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio and decreasing the mitochondrial membrane potential |
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| Tanshinone IIA [32] | Cervical cancer HeLa cells | Inhibits cell growth by interfering with the process of microtubule assembly, leading to G2/M phase arrest and subsequent apoptosis |
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| Acetyltanshinone IIA [33] | Breast cancer | Induces G1/S phase arrest and apoptosis by downregulating the receptor tyrosine kinases EGFR/HER2 and activating AMP-activated protein kinase |
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| Acetyltanshinone IIA [34] | Breast cancer cells | Induces ROS generation and Bax translocation to mitochondria, resulting in mitochondrial damage, cytochrome c release, caspase-3 activation, and apoptotic cell death |
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| Cryptotanshinone [35] | Breast cancer cells | Suppresses estrogen receptor signaling |
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| Cryptotanshinone [36] | Acute lymphoblastic leukemia cells | Inhibits cellular movement and induces G2/M cell cycle arrest and apoptosis |
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| Cryptotanshinone [37] | Lung cancer cells | Induces prodeath autophagy through JNK signaling that is mediated by ROS generation |
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| Cryptotanshinone [38] | HepG2 hepatoma | Induces G1 cell cycle arrest and autophagic cell death by activating the AMP-activated protein kinase signaling pathway |
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| Cryptotanshinone [39] | A375 melanoma cells | Restores sensitivity in cancer cells that are resistant to TRAIL by upregulating DR5 expression |
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| Cryptotanshinone [40] | Rh30 human rhabdomyosarcoma; DU145 prostate carcinoma; and human MCF-7 breast cancer cells | Induces ROS, thereby activating p38/JNK and inhibiting Erk1/2 leading to caspase-independent cell death |
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| Cryptotanshinone [41] | Neuro-2a cells | Inhibits sodium nitroprusside-induced apoptosis by antioxidant effects and regulating the NF-κB and MAPK pathways |
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| Cryptotanshinone [42] | HepG2 hepatoma and MCF-7 breast cancer cells | Induces ER stress-mediated apoptosis |
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| Cryptotanshinone [43] | Prostate cancer cells | Suppresses androgen receptor- (AR-) mediated growth by blocking AR dimerization and formation of the AR-coregulator complex |
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| Cryptotanshinone [44] | Chronic myeloid leukemia KBM-5 cells | Enhances TNF-α-induced apoptosis through ROS-dependent activation of caspase-8 and p38 |
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| Isocryptotanshinone [45] | Human breast cancer MCF-7 cells | Induces apoptosis and activates MAPK signaling pathways |
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| Dihydrotanshinone [46] | HepG2 cells | Activates ROS-mediated phosphorylation of p38 MAPK |
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| Dihydrotanshinone I [47] | Colon cancer | Induces caspase- and ROS-dependent apoptosis and autophagy |
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| 15,16-Dihydrotanshinone I [48] | Human HL-60 Leukemia Cells | Induces apoptosis through activation of the JNK and FasL signaling pathways |
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| Miltirone [49] | Human hepatoma HepG2 cells | Activates caspase-dependent apoptotic pathways and triggers ROS-mediated MAPK signaling pathways |
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| Miltirone [50] | Acute lymphoblastic leukemia cells | Induces G2/M cell cycle arrest and apoptosis |