Table 3.
BGL, AI, AAI, insulin, HOMA-IR, and HOMA-β values after 21-day treatment with NSO, reference drugs, and I-OMe-AG538. Values are expressed as mean ± SE (n = 10). Significance: ∗ p < 0.05, ∗∗ p < 0.01, and ∗∗∗ p < 0.001 compared to control.
| Studied groups | BGL (mg/dL) | AI | AAI (%) | Insulin (µIU/mL) | HOMA-IR (mg/dL) | HOMA-β (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control | 75.53 ± 1.22 | 1.70 ± 0.06 | 142.63 ± 20.08 | 11.59 ± 1.76 | 2.16 ± 0.89 | 33.299 ± 0.908 |
| DMSO | 116.07 ± 2.66∗∗∗ | 1.42 ± 0.04 | 138.58 ± 2.25 | 45.00 ± 0.68∗∗∗ | 12.90 ± 0.76∗∗∗ | 30.526 ± 1.301∗∗ |
| Diabetic | 581.31 ± 36.31∗∗∗ | 16.82 ± 1.25∗∗∗ | 6.32 ± 0.56∗∗∗ | 101.59 ± 5.78∗∗∗ | 145.82 ± 1.43∗∗∗ | 7.056 ± 0.512∗∗∗ |
| NSO | 95.70 ± 1.89∗∗∗ | 1.15 ± 0.30 | 676.37 ± 37.56∗∗∗ | 41.10 ± 1.87∗∗∗ | 9.71 ± 1.25∗∗∗ | 45.248 ± 0.456∗∗∗ |
| MET | 56.37 ± 0.61∗∗∗ | 1.73 ± 0.22 | 137.40 ± 12.45 | 30.34 ± 1.26∗∗∗ | 4.22 ± 0.67∗ | −164.742 ± 0.636∗∗∗ |
| GLI | 57.62 ± 1.46∗∗∗ | 1.71 ± 0.09 | 141.03 ± 9.08 | 31.77 ± 1.42∗∗∗ | 4.52 ± 0.45∗ | −212.587 ± 0.123∗∗∗ |
| NSO-MET | 101.67 ± 3.05∗∗∗ | 1.56 ± 0.36 | 179.13 ± 15.06∗ | 37.73 ± 0.60∗∗∗ | 9.47 ± 0.83∗∗ | 35.125 ± 1.086∗∗ |
| NSO-GLI | 110.16 ± 1.84∗∗∗ | 1.65 ± 0.19 | 153.55 ± 10.12 | 36.44 ± 0.75∗∗∗ | 9.91 ± 1.26∗∗ | 27.817 ± 0.978∗∗∗ |
| Diabetic, NSO | 142.76 ± 16.94∗∗ | 1.00 ± 0.06 | 23147.62 ± 42.96∗∗∗ | 127.86 ± 1.27∗∗∗ | 45.07 ± 0.66∗∗∗ | 57.710 ± 0.805∗∗∗ |
| Diabetic, MET | 265.23 ± 20.67∗∗∗ | 5.72 ± 1.45∗ | 21.18 ± 1.08∗∗∗ | 54.03 ± 2.45∗∗∗ | 35.42 ± 0.56∗∗∗ | 9.618 ± 0.526∗∗∗ |
| Diabetic, GLI | 359.94 ± 17.29∗∗∗ | 3.78 ± 1.26∗ | 35.96 ± 8.45∗∗∗ | 74.47 ± 5.39∗∗∗ | 66.18 ± 1.47∗∗∗ | 9.028 ± 0.538∗∗∗ |
| Diabetic, NSO-MET | 112.46 ± 3.94∗∗∗ | 1.42 ± 0.05 | 240.83 ± 16.85∗∗∗ | 90.80 ± 2.70∗∗∗ | 25.21 ± 0.98∗∗∗ | 66.09 ± 1.123∗∗∗ |
| Diabetic, NSO-GLI | 106.62 ± 3.79∗∗∗ | 1.41 ± 0.89 | 245.85 ± 8.03∗∗∗ | 76.11 ± 0.86∗∗∗ | 20.04 ± 0.89∗∗∗ | 62.814 ± 0.907∗∗∗ |
| IOMe 2 | 124.59 ± 3.26∗∗∗ | 1.73 ± 0.30 | 137.89 ± 6.02 | 42.80 ± 1.18∗∗∗ | 13.17 ± 0.45∗∗∗ | 25.017 ± 0.625∗∗∗ |
| Diabetic, IOMe 2 | 224.62 ± 4.29∗∗∗ | 12.54 ± 2.85∗∗∗ | 8.67 ± 1.25∗∗∗ | 63.54 ± 3.38∗∗∗ | 35.24 ± 0.47∗∗∗ | 14.153 ± 0.925∗∗∗ |
| IOMe 2-NSO | 94.26 ± 1.43∗∗∗ | 1.42 ± 0.09 | 236.49 ± 4.56∗∗∗ | 5.49 ± 2.16∗∗∗ | 1.28 ± 0.56 | 6.322 ± 0.347∗∗∗ |
| Diabetic, IOMe 2-NSO | 113.54 ± 1.83∗∗∗ | 1.52 ± 0.35 | 191.68 ± 8.47∗∗ | 62.56 ± 1.59∗∗∗ | 17.54 ± 1.49∗∗∗ | 44.562 ± 0.908∗∗∗ |