Table 8.
Sociodemographic and metabolic risk factors associated with insulin resistance (Maracaibo, Venezuela, 2015).
| Model 1 ∗ | Model 2 ∗ | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Crude odds ratio (CI 95%a) |
p b | Adjusted odds ratio (CI 95%a) |
p b | Adjusted odds ratio (CI 95%a) |
p b | |
| Gender | ||||||
| Males | 1.00 | — | 1.00 | — | 1.00 | — |
| Females | 1.01 (0.85–1.21) | 0.89 | 1.29 (1.02–1.65) | 0.04 | 1.33 (1.04–1.71) | 0.02 |
|
| ||||||
| Age groups (years) | ||||||
| <30 | 1.00 | — | 1.00 | — | 1.00 | — |
| 30–59 | 1.48 (1.22–1.80) | <0.01 | 0.65 (0.50–0.85) | <0.01 | 0.64 (0.49–0.84) | <0.01 |
| ≥60 | 1.50 (1.11–2.02) | <0.01 | 0.42 (0.28–0.65) | <0.01 | 0.42 (0.27–0.66) | <0.01 |
|
| ||||||
| Occupational status | ||||||
| Unemployed | 1.00 | — | 1.00 | — | 1.00 | — |
| Employed | 1.31 (1.09–1.58) | <0.01 | 1.45 (1.15–1.83) | <0.01 | 1.42 (1.12–1.80) | <0.01 |
|
| ||||||
| Leisure-domain physical activity | ||||||
| Inactive | 1.00 | — | 1.00 | — | 1.00 | — |
| Very low | 0.99 (0.71–1.37) | 0.93 | 1.25 (0.85–1.86) | 0.24 | 1.29 (0.87–1.93) | 0.21 |
| Low | 0.73 (0.53–1.01) | 0.06 | 0.71 (0.48–1.04) | 0.07 | 0.70 (0.47–1.04) | 0.08 |
| Moderate | 0.69 (0.49–0.97) | 0.04 | 0.76 (0.51–1.14) | 0.17 | 0.72 (0.48–1.09) | 0.12 |
| High | 0.63 (0.45–0.89) | <0.01 | 0.69 (0.46–1.03) | 0.07 | 0.63 (0.41–0.95) | 0.03 |
| Very high | 0.53 (0.38–0.74) | <0.01 | 0.77 (0.52–1.15) | 0.19 | 0.80 (0.54–1.20) | 0.28 |
|
| ||||||
| Alcohol intake | ||||||
| Absent | 1.00 | — | 1.00 | — | 1.00 | — |
| Present | 1.21 (1.00–1.47) | 0.05 | 1.41 (1.10–1.79) | <0.01 | 1.44 (1.12–1.84) | <0.01 |
|
| ||||||
| High TAG ‡ | ||||||
| Absent | 1.00 | — | 1.00 | — | 1.00 | — |
| Present | 2.51 (2.05–3.06) | <0.01 | 1.77 (1.38–2.27) | <0.01 | 1.76 (1.36–2.29) | <0.01 |
|
| ||||||
| Low HDL-C ‡ | ||||||
| Absent | 1.00 | — | 1.00 | — | 1.00 | — |
| Present | 1.76 (1.47–2.10) | <0.01 | 1.31 (1.06–1.64) | 0.01 | 1.33 (1.06–1.66) | 0.01 |
|
| ||||||
| Elevated waist circumference | ||||||
| Absent | 1.00 | — | 1.00 | — | 1.00 | — |
| Present | 3.68 (3.06–4.42) | <0.01 | 1.31 (0.98–1.76) | 0.07 | 1.28 (0.95–1.73) | 0.11 |
|
| ||||||
| JNC-8 classification | ||||||
| Normotensive | 1.00 | — | 1.00 | — | 1.00 | — |
| Prehypertensive | 1.41 (1.16–1.73) | <0.01 | 0.96 (0.75–1.22) | 0.73 | 0.96 (0.75–1.23) | 0.75 |
| Hypertensive | 2.16 (1.71–2.72) | <0.01 | 0.99 (0.73–1.37) | 0.99 | 1.06 (0.77–1.46) | 0.73 |
|
| ||||||
| Body Mass Index (kg/m 2) | ||||||
| ≤24.9 | 1.00 | — | 1.00 | — | 1.00 | — |
| 25–29.9 | 2.04 (1.62–2.57) | <0.01 | 1.90 (1.41–2.55) | <0.01 | 1.93 (1.43–2.61) | <0.01 |
| ≥30 | 6.05 (4.76–7.69) | <0.01 | 4.33 (2.97–6.29) | <0.01 | 4.40 (2.99–6.47) | <0.01 |
|
| ||||||
| Glycemic status ¥ | ||||||
| Normoglycemic | 1.00 | — | 1.00 | — | 1.00 | — |
| Impaired fasting glycemia | 2.69 (2.14–3.38) | <0.01 | 2.43 (1.87–3.15) | <0.01 | 2.44 (1.88–3.17) | <0.01 |
| Type 2 diabetes mellitus | 5.98 (4.11–8.68) | <0.01 | 4.62 (2.71–7.88) | <0.01 | — | — |
aConfidence interval (95%); bsignificance.
Model 1: adjusted for gender, age groups, ethnic groups, socioeconomic status, educational status, marital status, occupational status, diabetes mellitus family history, alcohol intake, smoking habits, leisure-domain physical activity, glycemic status, presence of high TAG, low HDL-C, and elevated waist circumference, BMI classification and JNC-8 classification.
Model 2: excluding diabetic subjects.
¥ ADA 2014 classification.
‡ IDF/AHA/NHLBI/WHF/IAS/IASO 2009 consensus criteria.