Table 1. Characteristics of the study participants stratified by insulin resistance.
| Total (n = 111) | HOMA-IR <2.5 (n = 48) | HOMA-IR ≥2.5 (n = 63) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age | 12.5 ± 3.0 | 12.1 ± 3.3 | 12.8 ± 2.7 |
| Male/Female, % | 36 /64 | 42/58 | 32/68 |
| Caucasiana, % | 94 | 94 | 94 |
| Positive family history of diabetesb, % | 68 | 64 | 71 |
| BMI z-score | 3.42 ± 0.70 | 3.29 ± 0.68 | 3.53 ± 0.71 |
| Overweight/ obese/ morbidly obesec, % | 19/40/41 | 25/46/ 29 | 14/35/51 |
| Waist circumference z-score | 5.4 (1.4–13.9) | 4.4 (1.4–11.9)f | 6.7 (2.9–13.9)f |
| Glucose, mmol/L | 4.1 (2.1–5.2) | 4.0 (2.1–5.1)e | 4.2 (2.5–5.2)e |
| Insulin, mU/L | 15.3 (2.4–72.3) | 8.9 (2.4–16.7)f | 20.8 (8.6–72.3)f |
| HOMA-IR | 2.75 (0.43–14.79) | 1.66 (0.43–2.48)f | 3.97 (2.50–14.79)f |
| HbA1c, % | 5.4 (3.1–6.2) | 5.2 (4.7–5.8)f | 5.5 (3.1–6.2)f |
| Plasma glucose 2-hours after glucose load, mmol/L | 5.4 (2.6–9.0) | 5.3 (2.7–9.0) | 5.7 (2.6–9.0) |
| AUC OGTT | 12540 (8189–20351) | 12162 (8189–18378)f | 13230 (8973–20351)f |
| Total cholesterol, mmol/L | 4.4 ± 0.8 | 4.4 ± 0.8 | 4.5 ± 0.8 |
| LDL-cholesterol, mmol/L | 2.7 ± 0.7 | 2.6 ± 0.7 | 2.8 ± 0.7 |
| HDL-cholesterol, mmol/L | 1.2 ± 0.3 | 1.3 ± 0.3f | 1.1 ± 0.3f |
| Triacylglycerol, mmol/L | 1.16 ± 0.68 | 0.96 ± 0.52f | 1.32 ± 0.75f |
| Systolic blood pressure z-score | 0.23 ± 1.11 | 0.02 ± 1.08 | 0.41 ± 1.11 |
| Diastolic blood pressure z-score | −0.52 ± 1.09 | −0.83 ± 1.07e | −0.28 ± 1.04e |
| Median sensor glucose, mmol/L | 5.0 (2.7–7.3) | 4.7 (2.7–6.9)e | 5.1 (3.6–7.3)e |
| Dayd, mmol/L | 5.2 (4.0–6.7) | 5.2 (4.3–6.4) | 5.2 (4.0–6.7) |
| Nightd, mmol/L | 5.0 (2.7–7.3) | 4.7 (2.7–6.9)e | 5.1 (3.6–7.3)e |
| Maximum sensor glucose, mmol/L | 7.0 (4.9–11.2) | 6.9 (5.6–11.2) | 7.0 (4.9–10.8) |
| Dayd, mmol/L | 6.9 (4.6–11.2) | 6.8 (5.6–11.2) | 7.0 (4.6–10.8) |
| Nightd, mmol/L | 6.1 (4.4–8.7) | 6.1 (4.4–8.3) | 6.1 (4.4–8.7) |
| Minimum sensor glucose, mmol/L | 3.4 (2.2–5.1) | 3.4 (2.2–5.1) | 3.4 (2.2–4.6) |
| Dayd, mmol/L | 3.8 (2.3–5.2) | 3.7 (2.3–5.2) | 3.9 (2.4–4.8) |
| Nightd, mmol/L | 3.5 (2.2–5.1) | 3.6 (2.2–5.1) | 3.5 (2.2–4.8) |
| CONGA1 | 0.58 (0.28- 1.31) | 0.58 (0.28–1.31) | 0.59 (0.28–1.28) |
| Dayd, | 0.64 (0.27–1.56) | 0.62 (0.34–1.56) | 0.64 (0.27–1.55) |
| Nightd, | 0.44 (0.15–0.85) | 0.43 (0.17–0.85) | 0.44 (0.15–0.81) |
| CONGA2 | 0.72 (0.31–1.62) | 0.72 (0.31–1.61) | 0.72 (0.33–1.62) |
| Dayd, | 0.72 (0.30–1.92) | 0.72 (0.33–1.92) | 0.73 (0.30–1.90) |
| Nightd, | 0.49 (0.16–1.10) | 0.52 (0.18–1.10) | 0.47 (0.16–1.08) |
| CONGA4 | 0.85 (0.35–2.06) | 0.88 (0.37–2.02) | 0.82 (0.35–2.06) |
| Dayd, | 0.78 (0.35–2.31) | 0.80 (0.35–1.80) | 0.75 (0.35–2.31) |
| Nightd, | 0.51 (0.16–1.24) | 0.64 (0.17–1.24) | 0.49 (0.16–1.11) |
| AUC sensor glucose | 2.61 × 105 (2.06 × 105–3.22 × 105) | 2.60 × 105 (2.06 × 105–3.22 × 105) | 2.64 × 105 (2.11 × 105–3.19 × 105) |
| AUC sensor glucose <3.9* | 900 (74–4103) | 1063 (110–4103) | 652 (74–3238) |
| AUC sensor glucose ≥7.8** | 883 (78–3547) | 158 (78–1826)f | 1039 (157–3547)f |
Data presented as mean ± SD or as median (minimum-maximum); HOMA-IR = Homeostatic Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance; Insulin resistance = HOMA-IR ≥2.5; OGTT = Oral Glucose Tolerance Test; AUC = Area Under the Curve; CONGA = Continuous Overlapping Net Glycaemic Action; CONGA presented for 1, 2, or 4-hour time differences; *n total = 82, n HOMA-IR <2.5 = 35, n HOMA-IR ≥2.5 = 47; **n total = 28, n HOMA-IR <2.5 = 13, n HOMA-IR ≥2.5 = 15.
aAccording to the Dutch Central Agency for Statistics30.
bFirst- or second-degree family member.
cAccording to the International Obesity Taskforce Criteria28.
dDay = 07:00 am–10:00 pm. Night = 10:00 pm–07:00 am.
eSignificant difference between the two groups at the 0.05 level.
fSignificant difference between the two groups at the 0.01 level.