Figure 5. 13-(S)-HPOTrE and 13-(S)-HOTrE show anti-inflammatory effects by upregulating expression of COX-2.

(A) Immunoblot analysis of COX-2 expression in RAW 264.7 cells pre-incubated with ALA metabolites at different concentrations (1, 50 and 100 μM) for 3 h then further stimulated by LPS (100 ng/ml) for next 24 h. β-Actin was used as an internal control and Dexamethasone was used as positive control. Western blot shows representative of three independent experiments. (B) Estimation of PGE₂ and PGD₂ level in the culture medium of RAW 264.7 cells when pre-incubated with ALA metabolites for 3 h and then stimulated with LPS for 24 h. Dexamethasone was used as positive control. The values represent mean ± SD of three independent experiments. *Indicates significance (p < 0.05) compared to LPS treated cells.