Table 2.

F-values from ANOVAs that examined the association of risk factors and current PTSD symptoms in childhood avalanche survivors

	PDS score
	N (%)	Mean (SD)	F-value	Adjusted F-valuea
Disaster agent characteristics
Lost family member or close friend
No	24 (23)	4.6 (5.3)	2.61	2.93*
Yes	80 (77)	7.3 (7.4)
Sustained injury
No	74 (91)	7.1 (7.0)	0.22	2.01
Yes	7 (9)	8.4 (8.8)
Economic lossb
No	54 (57)	6.7 (7.2)	0.01	1.75
Yes	41 (43)	6.8 (7.2)
In town at time of avalanche
No	23 (22)	4.4 (6.4)	2.79	3.57*
Yes	81 (78)	7.2 (7.1)
Own reaction
Own life in danger
No	78 (75)	5.1 (5.8)	16.79***	6.69***
Yes	26 (25)	11.3 (8.5)
Life of significant other in danger
No	27 (26)	5.3 (5.1)	1.32	2.54
Yes	77 (74)	7.2 (7.6)
Feelings of intense fear or shock
No	34 (34)	5.8 (7.2)	0.79	2.10
Yes	66 (66)	7.2 (7.0)
Feelings of helplessness
No	40 (39)	5.0 (6.3)	4.16*	2.94*
Yes	62 (61)	7.9 (7.4)
Secondary sequelae factors
Social support in aftermath of avalanche
No	24 (26)	11.3 (8.3)	14.18***	7.32***
Yes	67 (74)	5.3 (6.1)
Traumatic reaction from caregivers
Emotional numbness
No	27 (30)	3.3 (6.34)	11.61**	5.59**
Yes	63 (70)	8.6 (6.95)
Feelings of intense fear or shock
No	25 (28)	3.7 (6.07)	7.39**	5.32**
Yes	63 (72)	8.1 (7.01)
Feeling of helplessness
No	24 (27)	4.8 (5.71)	2.98	3.39*
Yes	64 (73)	7.6 (7.32)
Crying
No	17 (19)	6.5 (7.92)	0.12	1.99
Yes	72 (81)	7.2 (7.07)
Outbursts of anger
No	48 (54)	5.7 (6.20)	2.66	3.06*
Yes	40 (46)	8.2 (7.74)

^aAdjusted for age and sex.

^bHome, business or personal belongings partly or completely destroyed in the avalanche.

^*p<0.05

^**p<0.01

^***p<0.001.