Supplementary Table 2.
Performance of the ADHD + LD, pure ADHD, and control groups on cognitive function tests
| Total | 6–8 years old groups | 9–11 years old groups | 12–14 years old groups | Effects (P<0.05) | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| A | B | C | A1 | B1 | C1 | A2 | B2 | C2 | A3 | B3 | C3 | ||
| C-WISC FIQ | |||||||||||||
| n | 942 | 799 | 427 | 270 | 472 | 161 | 295 | 257 | 203 | 377 | 70 | 63 | A < B < C |
| Mean (SD) | 98.66 (13.87) | 105.17 (14.36) | 112.93 (13.87) | 95.72 (13.62) | 104.13 (13.89) | 109.05 (13.69) | 97.50 (14.07) | 105.61 (15.25) | 116.37 (13.65) | 101.36 (13.35) | 109.08 (13.49) | 115.46 (13.05) | A1 < B1 < C1 |
| F | 98.24 | 40.34 | 53.38 | 24.78 | A2 < B2 < C2 | ||||||||
| P | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | A3 < B3 < C3 | ||||||||
| C-WISC VIQ | |||||||||||||
| n | 942 | 799 | 427 | 270 | 472 | 161 | 295 | 257 | 203 | 377 | 70 | 63 | A < B < C |
| Mean (SD) | 102.18 (14.71) | 109.91 (15.41) | 115.28 (14.88) | 100.86 (15.48) | 109.18 (15.47) | 110.81 (15.40) | 101.02 (15.45) | 110.59 (15.27) | 119.51 (14.37) | 103.77 (13.37) | 111.09 (15.43) | 116.05 (12.95) | A1 < B1 |
| F | 88.85 | 26.53 | 51.08 | 19.14 | A1 < C1 | ||||||||
| P | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | A2 < B2 < C2 A3 < B3 A3 < C3 |
||||||||
| C-WISC PIQ | |||||||||||||
| n | 942 | 799 | 427 | 270 | 472 | 161 | 295 | 257 | 203 | 377 | 70 | 63 | A < B < C |
| Mean (SD) | 94.83 (14.33) | 98.55 (14.63) | 107.52 (13.60) | 90.73 (12.94) | 97.44 (13.67) | 104.96 (13.45) | 93.93 (13.64) | 98.61 (15.96) | 109.40 (13.05) | 98.15 (14.95) | 104.21 (14.64) | 111.81 (14.30) | A1 < B1 < C1 |
| F | 63.29 | 37.05 | 33.22 | 16.53 | A2 < B2 < C2 | ||||||||
| P | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | A3 < B3 < C3 | ||||||||
| Stroop Color-Word Test meaning interference | |||||||||||||
| n | 548 | 471 | 282 | 155 | 262 | 104 | 183 | 161 | 137 | 210 | 48 | 41 | A > B |
| Median (P25, P75) (s) | 27.00 (18.00, 37.00) | 29.00 (19.25, 38.00) | 19.50 (14.00, 26.00) | 36.50 (27.00, 52.00) | 32.00 (23.00, 44.00) | 25.50 (21.00, 30.75) | 30.00 (22.00, 40.00) | 27.00 (19.00, 36.00) | 16.00 (12.00, 22.00) | 18.00 (13.00, 25.00) | 17.00 (15.00, 26.00) | 17.00 (10.50, 20.00) | A > C A1 > B1 |
| F | 9.13 | 4.37 | 11.30 | 0.351 | A2 > B2 > C2 | ||||||||
| P | <0.001 | 0.013 | <0.001 | 0.704 | |||||||||
| Trail-Making Test shifting time | |||||||||||||
| n | 526 | 459 | 281 | 138 | 252 | 103 | 178 | 159 | 137 | 210 | 48 | 41 | A > B > C |
| Median (P25, P75) (s) | 122.50 (62.00, 194.25) | 122.00 (73.00, 201.50) | 66.00 (45.00, 108.00) | 196.50 (128.50, 282.50) | 153.50 (93.50, 238.25) | 93.00 (63.00, 145.00) | 147.00 (92.5, 204.50) | 104.00 (67.50, 165.00) | 60.00 (43.00, 86.00) | 62.00 (43.00, 97.00) | 53.00 (38.00, 81.00) | 101.00 (88.00, 114.00) | A1 > C1 B1 > C1 |
| F | 7.23 | 3.79 | 3.64 | 0.251 | A2 > B2 | ||||||||
| P | 0.001 | 0.023 | 0.027 | 0.778 | A2 > C2 | ||||||||
| BRIEF inhibition factor | |||||||||||||
| n | 380 | 391 | 188 | 124 | 242 | 63 | 113 | 119 | 103 | 143 | 30 | 22 | A > B |
| Mean (SD) | 17.70 (4.77) | 16.93 (4.37) | 17.13 (2.71) | 18.08 (4.92) | 17.51 (4.58) | 17.59 (2.90) | 17.13 (4.58) | 16.03 (4.03) | 15.85 (2.56) | 18.04 (4.82) | 17.07 (3.77) | 18.72 (2.96) | A2 > B2 |
| F | 3.56 | 0.86 | 3.14 | 1.12 | |||||||||
| P | <0.001 | 0.424 | 0.045 | 0.392 | |||||||||
| BRIEF Shift factor | |||||||||||||
| n | 380 | 391 | 188 | 124 | 242 | 63 | 113 | 119 | 103 | 143 | 30 | 22 | A > B > C |
| Mean (SD) | 12.62 (2.73) | 11.94 (2.47) | 11.07 (2.16) | 12.39 (2.70) | 11.73 (2.48) | 10.74 (2.13) | 12.45 (2.84) | 11.81 (2.40) | 11.09 (2.12) | 13.34 (2.62) | 12.43 (2.63) | 11.82 (2.32) | A1 > B1 > C1 |
| F | 12.92 | 5.82 | 3.77 | 2.81 | A2 > C2 | ||||||||
| P | <0.001 | 0.003 | 0.024 | 0.063 | |||||||||
| BRIEF global score | |||||||||||||
| n | 380 | 391 | 188 | 124 | 242 | 63 | 113 | 119 | 103 | 143 | 30 | 22 | A > B > C |
| Mean (SD) | 145.71 (19.35) | 138.96 (18.00) | 122.71 (20.45) | 146.01 (19.88) | 139.02 (18.60) | 123.35 (23.01) | 143.26 (20.29) | 136.66 (16.93) | 118.91 (18.17) | 150.04 (18.18) | 142.78 (16.98) | 127.89 (23.39) | A1 > B1 > C1 A2 > B2 > C2 |
| F | 55.99 | 21.46 | 23.23 | 10.55 | A3 > B3 > C3 | ||||||||
| P | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | |||||||||
A: The ADHD + LD group; B: The pure ADHD group; C: The healthy control group; A1: 6–8 years old ADHD + LD subgroup; B1: 6–8 years old pure ADHD subgroup; C1: 6–8 years healthy control subgroup; A2: 9–11 years old ADHD + LD subgroup; B2: 9–11 years old pure ADHD subgroup; C2: 9–11 years old healthy control subgroup; A3: 12–14 years old ADHD + LD subgroup; B3: 12–14 years old pure ADHD subgroup; C3: 12–14 years old healthy control subgroup; C-WISC: Chinese-Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children; IQ: Intelligence quotient; FIQ: Full intelligence quotient; VIQ: Verbal intelligence quotient; PIQ: Performance intelligence quotient; BRIEF: Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function-Parents. All the means were adjusted for the gender, age, IQ, ADHD symptoms (ADHD-RS total score) except the results of C-WISC which were only adjusted for gender and ADHD symptoms (ADHD-RS total score). All the F and P values represented the multivariate analysis of variance among three groups. The median (P25, P75) was shown for nonnormal data; LD: Learning disability; ADHD: Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder; ADHD-RS: ADHD rating scale; SD: Standard deviation.