Figure 2.

(a and b). Granger Causality Analysis of left Medial Prefrontal Cortices (PFCs) and right Anterior Cingulate Cortex (ACC) as seeded region of interest (SROI) shown in (a) and (b), respectively. Healthy controls demonstrated significant outward (to affect) causality inference from the PFCs and no inward (to be affected) causality inference to ACC, whereas, patients with MTBI demonstrated significant inward inference to ACC and minimal outward inference from the left PFCs. The direction (>>>>) of the arrows indicates the causality relationship between the SROI and other brain regions. Green arrow indicates outward inference originating from SROI at either left (LT) or right (RT) hemisphere to the left (LT) hemisphere, or inference from the left (LT) hemisphere to the SROI at either left (LT) or right (RT) hemisphere. Orange arrow indicates outward inference originating from SROI at either left (LT) or right (RT) hemisphere to the right (LT) hemisphere, or inference from the right (RT) hemisphere to the SROI at either left (LT) or right (RT) hemisphere. SSC1: primary somatosensory cortex; SSC2: secondary somatosensory cortex; IPL: inferior parietal lobe; TH: thalamus; IN: insula; PM: premotor cortex; M: motor cortex; DLPFC: dorsolateral prefrontal cortex; AMG: amygdala; red and blue boxes indicate regions of activation and deactivation, respectively, in the within-group analysis.

	Green arrow	Orange arrow
SROI casts outward inference	[RT]>>>>LT	[RT]>>>>RT
	[LT]>>>>LT	[LT]>>>>RT
SROI receive inward inference	LT>>>>[RT]	RT>>>>[RT]
	LT>>>>[LT]	RT>>>>[LT]