Table 1.

Non-genomic signaling pathways reported to be triggered by progesterone.

Involved signaling pathways
SRC/ERK/MAPK pathway Delayed P-dependent neuroprotection mediated by Src-ERK signaling Cyclin D1 gene induction by PR activation of the Src/MAPK pathway Rapid activation of Src/Erk1/2 and PI3K/Akt pathways in breast cancer and endometrial stromal cells via crosstalk between PR and ERα/β	Boonyaratanakornkit et al.,[58] Cai et al.,[59] Ballare et al.,[60] Mani et al. [7]
PI3K/Akt/NFκB pathway Stimulation mPR by P activates the PI3K/Akt/NFκB pathway resulting in (1) inactivation of FOXO transcriptional activity and (2) downregulation of miR-29c which triggers KLF4	Vares et al. [61]
MEK1/2 and PKA Activation of macrophages by P via mPR causes pro-inflammatory shift in mRNA expression profile and significant upregulation of cyclooxygenase 2, Il1B, and TNF and downregulation of mPRα MEK1/2 and PKA are involved in mPR signaling	Lu et al.,[62] Mani et al. [7]
PKC Rapid increase in basal PKC activity in VMN by P	Balasubramanian et al. [63]
Calcium and calmodulin kinase II P-activation of CaMKII basal activity in VMN	Balasubramanian et al. [64]
PKG PgRMC1 shown to mediate rapid progestin actions in various tissues (including brain) by potential activation of PKG	Bashour et al. [65]

PKA: Protein kinase A; PKC: protein kinase C; VMN: ventromedial nucleus; PKG: protein kinase G; PgRMC1: progesterone receptor membrane component 1.